Social Situation Report 2009

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1. Tekst

COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Brussels, 9 February 2010

COVER NOTE

No. Cion prop. : SEC(2010) 55 final/2

Subject: Social Situation Report 2009

5787/1/10 REV 1 ADD 3

SOC 48

Delegations will find attached a new version of SEC(2010) 55 final, Volume IV of 4.

Encl.: SEC(2010) 55 final/2

5787/1/10 REV 1 ADD 3

MdP/mk

DG G 2B

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Brussels, 3.2.2010 SEC(2010) 55 final /2 Vol. IV of 4

CORRIGENDUM

Annule et remplace le document SEC(2010)55 final du 20/01/2010

Concerne les quatre parties version EN

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

SOCIAL SITUATION REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 2. KEY AREAS OF SOCIAL POLICY: STATISTICAL PORTRAITS

13.

Income poverty 285
14.

Material deprivation 300
15.

Earnings of women and men 314
16.

Life and health expectancies 320
17.

Accidents and work-related health problems 332

Annex to Part 2 340

13.

INCOME POVERTY

In 2007 around 17 % of people in the EU-27 lived in a household which had an equivalised disposable income after social transfers had been taken into account that was less than 60 % of the respective national median income, i.e. they are considered to be at risk of poverty¹. The proportion of such people was the highest in Romania (25%), Bulgaria (22%) and Latvia (21 %), followed by Greece, Spain, and Italy (all 20 %). It was lowest in the Czech Republic and the Netherlands (both 10 %). In the hypothetical case (see footnotes 18 and 19 on page 27 of the monitoring report²) of a complete absence of social transfers (except pensions), in the EU-27 countries an average of 26 % of the population would be at risk of poverty. In the majority of countries, social benefits reduce the proportion of people at risk of poverty by between 25 % and 60 % with the notable exception of the above-mentioned countries where the at-risk-of-poverty rate is at the highest level.

Uneven poverty risk between generations and genders

In 2007, the proportion of children (under the age of 18) living in a household with low income (20 %) was higher than for the population aged 18 - 64 (16 %) and lower than for the elderly population (22%). The proportion of children living in a low-income household was highest in Romania (33%) and Bulgaria (28%), followed by Italy (25 %), Spain and Poland (both 24 %). By contrast, in 2007, children in Denmark, Germany, and Finland were less likely to live in 'poor' households than adults aged 18 – 64 in those countries. Country differences regarding the elderly are described in the portrait n°11 “Pensions”.

At-risk-of-poverty rate after social transfers by age group in the EU (%), 2007

50 40 30 20 10 0

□ Total _A Less than 18 years -65 years and over

— — A

— A * A

^A A

A ™

3 »

n [

■ A

■

Source: EU-SILC

See the first footnote in portrait 12 "Income distribution". http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/docs/social_inclusion/2008/omc_monitoring_en.pdf

285

Throughout Europe, the probability of living in a household which can be considered to be at risk of poverty is slightly higher among women³ than among men (EU-27 average of 18 % versus 16 % in 2007), although in Hungary (12 %) and Sweden (11 %) there is parity, whilst in Poland it is men who are very slightly more at risk of poverty (18 % vs. 17 %).

The household types most at risk of poverty are single parents with dependent children, single elderly people and single females

While the overall at-risk-of-poverty rate for the EU-27 is 17 %, some household types are exposed to a much greater poverty risk than others. In EU-27 countries single parents with dependent children have the highest poverty risk – 34 % have an equivalised disposable income lower than 60 % of national median equivalised income.

Households composed of a single adult older than 65 have an at-risk-of-poverty rate of 28 % (EU-27). The poverty risk of single adults aged 65 and over is very unevenly distributed across Member States, with values ranging from 9 % in Poland and 10% in the Netherlands to 75 % in Latvia and 74 % in Cyprus.

More than a quarter (28 %) of single females were at risk of poverty in the EU-27 countries in 2007. In some countries over half of single females are in such situation: in Ireland (51 %), Estonia and Latvia (both 53 %), Bulgaria (54 %) and Cyprus (56 %). In only five countries (the Czech republic 17%, Hungary 14 %, Luxembourg 13 %, the Netherlands 16 %, and Poland 12 % is the at-risk-of-poverty rate for single females equal to or below the overall EU-27 (17 %). Poland seems to be atypical in this respect as it is the only country where the poverty risk of single females is consistently lower than the national average for all household types – 17 % (and also lower that of single male households – 24 %). However, in three other EU-27 countries single females are less at risk of poverty than single males: Luxembourg, Hungary and Sweden.

In Malta (54 %) more than half of households composed of single parents and their dependent children were at risk of poverty in 2007. Luxembourg (45 %), the United Kingdom and Estonia (both 44%) also record a comparatively high proportion of at-risk-of-poverty households. The poverty risk of single-parent households is lowest in some of the Nordic Member States: Denmark (17 %) and Finland (22 %).

In this context, it also has to be noted that in 2007 in EU-27 countries, households composed of two adults and three or more dependent children were also more likely to be at risk of poverty than other household types (25 %). On the other hand, households composed of two adults with one or two dependent children had a below-average risk of poverty in 2007.

Are general improvements in living standards instrumental in lifting people out of poverty?

In the framework of the streamlined portfolio on social Inclusion and overarching indicators, the indicator in the form of at-risk-of-poverty rate anchored at a fixed moment in time (2005) constitutes what is called a 'semi-absolute measure of poverty'. For this indicator the poverty risk threshold for the year 2005 is adjusted for inflation and then used to calculate an alternative poverty risk rate for subsequent years. This ratio takes into the fact that economic growth and more directly growing incomes for part of the population may raise median incomes and thus the poverty risk threshold by a higher proportion than the growth in consumer prices. Thus some part of the population may be better off without this being captured in the at-risk-of-poverty rate.

In 2007, the EU-25 anchored at-risk-of-poverty rate was 2 pp below the at-risk-of-poverty rate. But for the ten new Member States⁴ the at-risk-of-poverty rate is reduced by five percentage points from 15 % to 10 % when using the anchored measure. For Cyprus, Slovakia and Ireland (all 6pp) as well as the three Baltic countries (all 11pp) the difference between the anchored measure and the measure using a current threshold is highly significant. Unsurprisingly, all of these countries have experienced strong economic growth and high growth in incomes. The differences in those measures suggest that at least part of the population with lower household incomes benefits from the general growth in those countries. The difference between the two indicators is highest in the Baltic States, which are experiencing very high growth rates from a very low base.

The impact of benefits on the proportion of poor people is significant

In EU-SILC, no information is available about the allocation of income within a given household, and in particular, between people of different gender living in one household, so some caution is necessary in interpreting these figures. In a household composed of more than one individual, we cannot automatically assume that all household members have equal access to money, and therefore cannot know whether they should be considered as "poor" or "not poor". What we can say, is that certain types of households are more at risk of poverty than others. For Bulgaria and Romania, no data for this indicator are available.

286

A comparison of the number of people on low incomes before social benefits other than pensions and those on low incomes after social benefits⁵ illustrates one of the main purposes of such benefits: their redistributive effect and, in particular, their ability to alleviate the risk of poverty and reduce the percentage of population having to manage with a low income (See footnotes 18 and 19 on page 27 of the monitoring report⁶).

In 2007, the average at-risk-of-poverty rate in EU-27 countries was 26 % before social transfers other than pensions were taken into account and 17 % when calculated after social transfers were taken into account. That means that social transfers were instrumental in lifting approximately 35 % of persons with low income above the poverty line.

Comparison of At-risk-of-poverty rates before and after social transfers in the EU (%), 2007

After transfers

Reduction in %

Before transfers

35 %

Source: EU-SILC

Social benefits other than pensions reduce the percentage of people at risk of poverty in all the countries, but to very disparate degrees. It is smallest (less than 25 %) in Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia and Romania. The reduction is greatest in Sweden (approximately 61 %) followed by Hungary, Norway, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Austria, France and the Czech Republic, which all record reductions due to social transfers of 50 % or more.

In the hypothetical absence of social benefits other than pensions, 30 % or more of the population would have been at risk of poverty in three Member States (Ireland, Romania and the United Kingdom) in 2007.

Old age pensions and survivors' benefits are included in income both at-risk-of-poverty 'before' and 'after' social transfers http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/docs/social_inclusion/2008/omc_monitoring_en.pdf

287

EU poverty gap over one fifth of threshold value

Looking at income below the poverty line identifies those people at risk of income poverty, but does not show whether these persons can really be considered as poor⁷. The relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap measures the difference between the at-risk-of-poverty threshold (60 % of national median equivalised income) and the median equivalised disposable income of persons below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, expressed as a percentage of that threshold. Measuring the gap between the median level of income of the poor and the at-risk-of-poverty threshold provides an insight into the depth of income poverty — the poverty gap. In 2007, the relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap equalled 23 % in the EU-27 but exceeded 30 % in both Bulgaria (34%) and Romania (35 %).

The at-risk-of-poverty threshold varied between 17 575 PPS (Purchasing Power Standards) in Luxembourg and 1765 PPS in Romania. This illustrates the high differences in income in Member States and shows that the poverty risk indicator and other derived from it are measures of relative poverty. It should be noted here that median income levels, whether compared nominally (in euros or national currency) or with purchasing power standards (PPS) are markedly lower in most new Member States than in the EU-15 countries.

About 8% of employed people are nevertheless poor

Although people in employment are less likely to live in a low-income household, i.e. to be "working poor", the risk of poverty is not removed. An employee's standard of living (as measured by income) is only partly determined by his/her own wage. In many cases, low wages received by one member of a household are "compensated for" by higher wages received by one or more other members of the household. Similarly, a household may receive income other than wages (income from self-employed work or other types of income such as social benefits, income from property, etc.). Lastly, the standard of living depends not only on the resources available but also on the size of the household as well as its economic (number of people in employment, etc.) and demographic (number of children and other dependants, etc.) characteristics. All low-wage employees do not, therefore, live in low-income households. Inversely, employees whose wages are above the low-wage threshold may be living in poor households — e.g. if they have a number of dependants.

In 2007, the EU-27 at-risk-of-poverty rate for employees was about 8 % but was higher in Romania (19 %), Greece (14 %), Poland (12 %) and Spain (11 %). In all the countries, the at-risk-of-poverty rate among the employed population is – as might be expected – lower than among the population as a whole. At EU level, it is less than half that of the total population (8 % vs 17 %).

The at-risk-of-poverty rate measures low income, not wealth. Households may have low income for a certain year, but still not be "poor" because they have some wealth to draw on.

288

In-work poverty rate in the EU (%), 2007

EU27 CZ BEDKMT NL SI SK FI BG IE FRCYHUATNODE SE IS EE LTUK LU IT LV PT ES PL EL RO

Source: EU-SILC

Policy context

Article 136 of the EC Treaty lists "the combating of exclusion" as one of the six objectives of European social policy. Article 137(1) cites the integration of people excluded from the labour market as one of the fields in which Community action should support and complement the activities of Member States. Article 137(2) creates scope for action at Community level by encouraging "cooperation between Member States through initiatives aimed at improving knowledge, developing exchanges of information and best practices, promoting innovative approaches and evaluating experiences" in order to combat social exclusion.

The Lisbon European Council in March 2000 concluded that "the number of people living below the poverty line and in social exclusion in the Union is unacceptable" and that "the new knowledge-based society offers tremendous potential for reducing social exclusion" (Presidency conclusion No 32).

The Social Policy Agenda (COM (2000) 379 final) also addresses the issues of poverty and social exclusion. The main objective is "to prevent and eradicate poverty and exclusion and promote the integration and participation of all into economic and social life." (Section 4.2.2.1).

The Lisbon Council agreed that Member States’ policies for combating social exclusion should be based on an Open Method of Coordination combining common objectives, national action plans and a programme presented by the Commission to encourage cooperation in this field. The Nice European Council in December 2000 adopted the common objectives in the fight against social exclusion and poverty as follows: "to facilitate participation in employment and access by all to resources, rights, goods and services; to prevent the risks of exclusion; to help the most vulnerable; and to mobilise all relevant bodies."

Key elements of the Open Method of Coordination are the definition of commonly agreed objectives for the EU as a whole, the development of appropriate national action plans to meet these objectives, and periodic reporting and monitoring of progress made. Joint Reports assess progress made in implementing the Method, set key priorities and identify good practice and innovative approaches of common interest to the Member States. See portrait 10.

289

On October 3 2008, the European Commission put forward a set of common principles to help guide EU countries in their strategies to tackle poverty (COM (2008) 639 final). This Recommendation revolves around three key aspects: adequate income support, inclusive labour markets and access to quality services. National governments will be encouraged to refer to these common principles and accordingly define policies for 'active inclusion' so as to step up the fight against exclusion from society and from the labour market.

The 2009 Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion (7503/09) draws on the renewed National Reports on Strategies for Social Protection and Social Inclusion which the Member States presented in autumn 2008, also taking into account the economic crisis which escalated after the strategies were prepared. In the field of social inclusion it calls in particular for comprehensive Active Inclusion strategies that combine and balance measures aimed at inclusive labour markets, access to quality services and adequate minimum income. It also reasserts the commitment of Member States to implement comprehensive strategies against poverty and social exclusion of children, including provision of accessible and affordable quality childcare. It acknowledges that sustained work is required to tackle homelessness as an extremely serious form of exclusion, to address the multiple disadvantages the Roma people are facing and their vulnerability to social exclusion, and to promote the social inclusion of migrants. Finally it draws attention to new risk groups, such as young workers and labour market entrants who may be particularly vulnerable in the crisis.

Methodological notes

Sources: Eurostat – Community Statistics on Income and Living Conditions EU-SILC (2007) income reference period 2006; except for UK, income year 2007 and for IE moving income reference period (2006-2007).

EU aggregates are Eurostat estimates obtained as a population size weighted average of national data.

The poverty risk (indicator: at-risk-of-poverty rate) is measured in terms of the proportion of the population with an equivalised income below 60 % of the median equivalised disposable income in each country. Median income is preferred to the mean income as it is less affected by extreme values of the income distribution.

The relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap is defined as the difference between the at-risk-of-poverty threshold (cut-off point: 60 % of median equivalised disposable income) and the median equivalised disposable income of persons below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, expressed as a percentage of the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. This indicator is a measure of the intensity of poverty risk.

The indicator “at-risk-of-poverty rate anchored at a fixed moment in time (2005)” is defined as the percentage of the population whose equivalised total disposable income in a given year is below the ‘at-risk-of-poverty threshold’ calculated in the standard way for the reference year or base year, currently 2005, and then adjusted for inflation.

Further reading

•

Statistics in Focus (Population and social conditions): “79 million EU citizens were at-risk-of-poverty in 2007”, No 46/2009
•

“Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion 2009”, 2009, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities
•

(COM(2008) 418 final) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. "A renewed commitment to social Europe: Reinforcing the Open Method of Coordination for Social Protection and Social Inclusion", July 2008
•

"Monitoring progress towards the objectives of the European Strategy for Social Protection and Social Inclusion", Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 6.10.2008, SEC(2008)
•

“European social statistics: Income, Poverty and Social Exclusion 2^nd Report”, 2003 edition. Eurostat

290

At risk of poverty rate - Total

	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
EU-27	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	16s	16s	17
EU-25	15s	16s	16s	16s	:	15s	16s	16	16	16
EU-15	15s	16s	15s	15s	:	15s	17s	16	16	17
EA-15	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	15	16	16
EA-13	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	15	16	16
EA-12	15s	15s	15s	15s	:	15s	17s	15	16	16
BE	14	13	13	13	:	15b	14	15	15	15
BG	:	:	14	16	14	14	15	14	18	22p
CZ	:	:	:	8	:	:	:	10b	10	10
DK	:	10	:	10	:	12b	11	12	12	12
DE	11	11	10	11	:	:	:	12b	13	15
EE	:	:	18	18	18	18	20b	18	18	19
IE	19	19	20	21	:	20b	21	20	18	18
EL	21	21	20	20	:	21b	20	20	21	20
ES	18	19	18	19	19b	19	20b	20	20	20
FR	15	15	16	13b	12	12	13	13	13	13
IT	18	18	18	19	:	:	19b	19	20	20
CY	:	:	:	:	:	15	:	16	16	16
LV	:	:	16	:	:	:	:	19b	23	21
LT	:	:	17	17	:	:	:	21b	20	19
LU	12	13	12	12	:	12	13	14	14	14
HU	:	:	11	11	10	12	:	13	16	12
MT	:	:	15	:	:	:	:	14	14	14
NL	10	11	11	11	11	12	:	11b	10	10
AT	13	12	12	12	:	13b	13	12	13	12
PL	:	:	16	16	:	:	:	21b	19	17
PT	21	21	21	20	20	19	20b	19	18p	18
RO	:	:	17	17	18	17	18	18	19	25b
SI	:	:	11	11	10	10	:	12b	12	12
SK	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	13b	12	11
Fl	9	11	11	11b	11	11	11	12	13	13
SE	:	8	:	9	11b	:	11b	9	12	11
UK	19	19	19b	18	18	18	:	19b	19	19
HR	:	:	:	:	:	18	:	:	:	:
MK	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
TR	:	:	:	:	25	26	:	:	:	:
IS	:	:	:	:	:	:	10	10	10	10
LI	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
NO	:	:	:	11	10	11b	11	11	11	12
CH	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:

Source: EU-SILC

s Eurostat estimate

p Provisional value

Break in series

291

At risk of poverty rate - Females

	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
EU-27	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	17s	17s	18
EU-25	16s	17s	17s	17s	:	16s	17s	17	17	17
EU-15	16s	17s	16s	:	:	17s	18s	17	17	17
EA-15	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	16	16	17
EA-13	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	16	16	17
EA-12	16s	16s	16s	:	:	16s	18s	16	16	17
BE	15	14	14	15	:	16b	15	15	16	16
BG	:	:	15	17	15	16	17	15	19	23p
CZ	:	:	:	8	:	:	:	11b	11	10
DK	:	:	:	:	:	12b	11	12	12	12
DE	12	12	11	:	:	:	:	13b	13	16
EE	:	:	19	19	19	20	21b	19	20	22
IE	20	20	21	23	:	21b	23	21	19	19
EL	22	21	20	22	:	21b	21	21	21	21
ES	18	19	19	20	21b	20	21b	21	21	21
FR	15	16	16	13b	13	13	14	14	14	14
IT	19	18	19	20	:	:	20b	21	21	21
CY	:	:	:	:	:	17	:	18	18	17
LV	:	:	16	:	:	:	:	20b	25	23
LT	:	:	17	17	:	:	:	21b	21	21
LU	13	13	12	13	:	13	13	14	14	14
HU	:	:	12	12	10	12	:	13	16	12
MT	:	:	15	:	:	:	:	15	14	15
NL	10	11	11	12	12	12	:	11b	10	11
AT	15	14	14	14	:	14b	14	13	14	13
PL	:	:	16	15	:	:	:	20b	19	17
PT	22	22	22	20	:	:	22b	20	19p	19
RO	:	:	18	17	18	18	18	18	19	25b
SI	:	:	12	12	11	11	:	14b	13	13
SK	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	13b	12	11
Fl	11	12	13	12b	12	12	11	13	13	14
SE	:	:	:	:	12b	:	12b	10	12	11
UK	21	21	21b	19	19	19	:	19b	20	20
HR	:	:	:	:	:	19	:	:	:	:
MK	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
TR	:	:	:	:	25	26	:	:	:	:
IS	:	:	:	:	:	:	10	10	10	11
LI	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:
NO	:	:	:	:	:	12b	12	13	12	14
CH	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:

Source: EU-SILC

s Eurostat estimate

p Provisional value

Break in series

292

At risk of poverty rate - Males

	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
EU-27	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	15s	15s	16
EU-25	14s	15s	15s	15s	:	14s	15s	15	15	15
EU-15	14s	15s	15s	:	:	14s	15s	15	15	15
EA-15	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	14	15	15
EA-13	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	14	15	15
EA-12	14s	14s	14s	:	:	14s	15s	14	15	15
BE	12	11	12	12	:	14b	13	14	14	14
BG	:	:	13	14	12	12	13	13	17	21p
CZ	:	:	:	7	:	:	:	10b	9	9
DK	:	:	:	:	:	11b	11	12	11	11
DE	10	10	10	:	:	:	:	11b	12	14
EE	:	:	17	17	17	17	19b	17	16	17
IE	18	17	19	20	:	19b	19	19	17	16
EL	20	20	19	19	:	20b	19	18	20	20
ES	18	18	17	17	18b	18	19b	19	18	19
FR	14	15	15	12b	12	12	13	12	12	12
IT	17	18	18	19	:	:	18b	17	18	18
CY	:	:	:	:	:	14	:	15	14	14
LV	:	:	17	:	:	:	:	18b	21	19
LT	:	:	17	18	:	:	:	20b	19	17
LU	12	12	12	12	:	11	12	13	14	13
HU	:	:	11	11	9	12	:	14	16	12
MT	:	:	15	:	:	:	:	14	13	14
NL	10	10	10	11	11	12	:	11b	10	10
AT	11	10	9	9	:	12b	11	11	11	11
PL	:	:	16	16	:	:	:	21b	20	18
PT	19	19	19	20	:	:	19b	19	18p	17
RO	:	:	17	17	18	17	18	18	18	24b
SI	:	:	11	10	9	9	:	11b	10	10
SK	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	13b	12	10
Fl	8	9	9	10b	11	11	10	11	12	12
SE	:	:	:	:	10b	:	10b	9	12	11
UK	17	18	16b	17	17	17	:	19b	18	18
HR	:	:	:	:	:	17	:	:	:	:
MK
TR	:	:	:	:	25	25	:	:	:	:
IS	:	:	:	:	:	:	10	10	9	9
LI
NO	:	:	:	:	:	9b	10	10	10	11
CH	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:

Source: EU-SILC

s Eurostat estimate

p Provisional value

Break in series

293

At risk of poverty rate - Less than 18 At risk of poverty rate - Between 18 and 64 years

	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007		2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
EU-27	:	:	:	:	20	EU-27	16
EU-25	:	:	19	19	19	EU-25	:	:	14	15	15
EU-15	:	:	18	18	19	EU-15	:	:	14	14	15
EA-15	:	:	17	17	18	EA-15	:	:	13	14	15
EA-13	:	:	17	17	18	EA-13	:	:	13	14	15
EA-12	:	:	17	17	18	EA-12	:	:	14	14	15
BE	16b	16	18	15	17	BE	13b	12	12	12	13
BG	:	22	18	25	28	BG	:	14	12	16	19
CZ	:	:	18b	16	16	CZ	:	:	9b	9	8
DK	9b	9	10	10	10	DK	10b	10	11	11	11
DE	:	:	12b	12	14	DE	:	:	12b	13	15
EE	:	23b	21	20	18	EE	:	19b	17	16	16
IE	20b	22	23	22	19	IE	17b	17	16	15	15
EL	22b	21	20	23	23	EL	18b	17	17	18	19
ES	:	24b	24	24	24	ES	:	16b	16	16	16
FR	:	15	14	14	16	FR	:	13	12	12	12
IT	:	25b	24	25	25	IT	:	17b	16	18	18
CY	:	:	13	11	12	CY	:	:	11	11	10
LV	:	:	22b	26	21	LV	:	:	18b	21	18
LT	:	:	27b	25	22	LT	:	:	19b	18	16
LU	16	19	20	20	20	LU	11	11	13	13	13
HU	:	:	20	25	19	HU	:	:	13	15	12
MT	:	:	18	18	19	MT	:	:	11	11	12
NL	:	:	15b	14	14	NL	:	:	10b	9	9
AT	15b	15	15	15	15	AT	12b	11	11	11	11
PL	:	:	29b	26	24	PL	:	:	20b	19	17
PT	:	25b	24	21p	21	PT	:	17b	16	16p	15
RO	:	:	:	:	33b	RO	:	:	:	:	21b
SI	:	:	12b	12	11	SI	:	:	10b	10	10
SK	:	:	19b	17	17	SK	:	:	13b	11	9
Fl	:	10	10	10	11	Fl	:	10	11	11	11
SE	:	12b	9	15	12	SE	:	10b	9	11	10
UK	:	:	22b	24	23	UK	:	:	16b	16	15
HR	:	:	:	:	:	HR	:	:	:	:	:
MK						MK	:	:	:	:	:
TR	: TR						: : : : :
IS	:	11	10	12	12	IS	:	9	10	8	8
LI						LI	:	:	:	:	:
NO	9b	8	9	9	12	NO	9b	10	11	10	12
CH	:	:	:	:	:	CH	:	:	:	:	:

Source: EU-SILC b Break in series

s Eurostat estimate

p Provisional value

Source: EU-SILC b Break in series

s Eurostat estimate

p Provisional value

294

At risk of poverty rate - 65 years and over - Total

	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
EU-27	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	19s	19s	22
EU-25	18s	17s	17s	16s	:	17s	18s	19	19	19
EU-15	18s	17s	17s	18s	:	19s	19s	20	20	21

EA-15	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	20	19	19
EA-13	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	19	19	19
EA-12	16s	16s	16s	16s	:	18s	19s	19	19	19

BE	22	22	24	26	:	23b	21	21	23	23
BG	:	:	15	15	14	14	16	18	20	29
CZ	:	:	:	6	:	:	:	5b	6	5
DK	:	:	:	24	:	21b	17	18	17	18
DE	12	11	10	12	:	:	:	14b	13	17
EE	:	:	16	18	16	17	20b	20	25	33
IE	33	34	42	44	:	41b	40	33	27	29
EL	35	33	31	33	:	29b	28	28	26	23
ES	15	16	19	22	28b	28	30b	29	31	28
FR	13	19	19	1 1b	10	11	15	16	16	13
IT	17	14	13	17	:	:	21b	23	22	22
CY	:	:	:	:	:	52	:	51	52	51
LV	:	:	6	:	:	:	:	21b	30	33
LT	:	:	14	12	:	:	:	17b	22	30
LU	9	8	9	7	:	10	8	8	8	7
HU	:	:	8	12	8	10	:	6	9	6
MT	:	:	20	:	:	:	:	21	19	21
NL	4	7	6	8	8	7	:	5b	6	10
AT	21	24	23	24	:	16b	17	14	16	14
PL	:	:	8	7	:	:	:	7b	8	8
PT	35	33	33	30	:	:	29b	28	26p	26
RO	:	:	17	19	19	20	17	17	19	31b
SI	:	:	21	20	19	19	:	20b	20	19
SK	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	7b	8	8
Fl	16	16	19	18b	18	17	17	18	22	22
SE	:	:	:	16	15b	:	14b	11	12	11
UK	25	21	24b	27	26	24	:	26b	28	30

HR	31
MK
TR	:	:	:	:	23	21	:	:	:	:

IS	:	:	:	:	:	:	10	9	12	15
LI
NO	:	:	:	:	:	21b	19	19	18	14
CH	::::::::::

Source: EU-SILC b Break in series

s Eurostat estimate

p Provisional value

295

Impact of social transfers: comparison between At-risk-of-poverty rate before and after social transfers - Tota

	Total			Females			Males
	Before social transfers	After social transfers	% reduction	Before social transfers	After social transfers	% reduction	Before social transfers	After social transfers	% reduction
EU-27	26	17	35	27	17s	37s	25	15s	40s
EU-25	26	16	38	11	17	37	24	15	38
	26	17	35	27	17	37	24	15	33

EA^15	25	16	36	26	17	35	24	15	33
EA-13	25	16	36	26	17	35	24	15	38
	25	16	36	26	17	35	24	15	33

BE	23	15	46	29	16	45	26	14	46
BG	26	22	15	27	23	15	25	21	16
CZ	20	10	50	21	10	52	19	9	53
	27	12	56	29	12	59	26	11	53
DE	25	15	40	26	I6	33	24	14	42
EE	25	19	24	27	22	19	23	17	26
IE	33	18	45	35	19	46	31	16	43
EL	24	20	17	25	21	16	23	20	13
ES	24	20	17	25	21	I6	23	19	17
FR	26	13	50	27	14	48	25	12	52
IT	24	20	17	25	21	16	23	18	22
CY	21	16	24	23	17	26	19	14	26
LV	27	21	22	29	23	21	25	19	24
LT	26	19	27	27	21	22	24	17	29
LU	23	14	39	24	14	42	23	13	43
HU	29	12	59	29	12	59	30	12	60
	22	14	36	22	15	32	21	14	33
NL	21	10	52	22	11	50	20	10	50
AT	25	12	52	26	13	50	23	11	52
PL	27	17	37	26	17	35	27	18	33
PT	24	IS	25	25	19	24	24	17	29
RO	31b	25b	19b	31b	25b	19b	30b	24b	20b
SI	23	12	48	25	13	48	21	10	52
SK	18	11	39	19	11	42	18	10	44
	29	13	55	31	14	55	27	12	56
SE	23	11	61	30	11	63	26	11	58
UK	30	19	37	32	20	33	23	IS	36

HR	:::::::::
MK	:::::::::
	:::::::::

IS	18	10	44	19	11	42	17	9	47
LI	:::::::::
NO	28	12	57	30	14	53	26	11	58
CH	:::::::::

Source: EU-SILC b Break in series

s Eurostat estimate

p Provisional value

296

At-risk-of-poverty rate, by most frequent activity status and by gender, 2007 (Age 18+)

	Total			At work			Not at work			Unemployed			Retired			Other inactive
	Total	Males	Female s	Total	Males	Female s	Total	Males	Female s	Total	Males	Female s	Total	Males	Female s	Total	Males	Female s
EU-27	16	14	17	■:■	9	■:■	24	.	_^:	43	47	39	17	16	18	."	26	:■:■
E>.'-_^:	15	14	17	■:■	■'■	7	24	.	24	42	46	.-■'■	17	16	18	."	."	:■:■
EU-15	16	14	17	8	8	7	_^:	24	26	41	45	.-■:■	18	17	19	:■:■	:■:■	29

EA-15	16	14	17	■:■	■'■	7	24	..	24	41	44	.-■:■	16	16	17	."	:■,	:■:■
E-.l,	16	14	17	■:■	■'■	7	24	..	24	41	44	.-■:■	16	16	17	."	:■,	:■:■
EA-12	16	14	17	■:■	■'■	7	24	..	_^:	41	44	.-■:■	16	16	17	."	:■,	:■:■

BE	15	13	16	4	4	4	_^:	_^:	_^:	34	.-■,	.	."	18	21	."	:■:■	:■,
BG	."!■	lil-	22b	6b	6b	6b	32b	31b	32b	:■■,!■	61b	^: ii-	23b	17b	27b	19b	16b	21b
■::	■:■	7	■'■	3	3	3	13	13	14	48	^:	44	■,	4	■:■	13	12	14
DK	12	12	12	4	^:	3	.	_^:	..	31	4"	_^:	17	15	18	.	.-■'■	:■:■
DE	I:-	14	17	7	7	■:■	24	.	_^:	M	^:"	"■:	I!	16	19	24	_^:	24
EE	."	16	..	■:■	■,	■'■	37	.-■,	.-■:■	■,:	■,:■	:■■,	37	_^:	42	.	.-■'■	:■:■
IE	17	I:-	19	■,	■,	■,	.	33	.	43	42	44	."	."	:■,	.	^:	.
EL	."	19	21	14	15	12	_^:	.	:■,	^:	41	31	..	19	_^:	_^:	."	_^:
ES	19	17	_"	11	12	■'■	:■:■	."	:■'■	.-■,	44	.	..	_^:	I!	,"	:■,	31
FR	12	11	13	■,	7	■,	18	17	19	33	37	:■:■	11	10	12	:■,	:■,	:■,
IT	19	17	_"	10	12	7	:■,	.	."	44	^:"	.-■'■	16	15	16	,"	:■'■	31
CY	16	14	19	■,	■,	7	31	,"	.	:■:■	,"	."	M	4!	^:	17	12	19
LV	21	18	24	10	■'■	10	.-■:■	37	.-■'■	^:_	■,■,	47	.-■:■	:■:■	42	31	^:	:■'■
LT	I!	I:-	21	■:■	■:■	■:■	.	:■:■	^:	^:_	■,.-	^:"	,"	16	.-■,	:■'■	:■'■	:■'■
LU	12	11	12	■'■	■'■	■'■	15	14	15	46	4^:	47	■:■	7	11	15	21	14
HU	I"	I"	11	■,	7	^:	I:-	I:-	I:-	46	M	41	■:■	■:■	■:■	.	I!	_^:
MT	13	12	14	4	^:	.	..	:■,	."	.-■'■	43	.■■■I	.	_^:	16	."	."	."
NL	■'■	■:■	10	^:	^:	^:	15	14	15	."	:■:■	."	■'■	7	11	18	19	17
AT	11	■'■	13	■,	■,	■,	I!	I:-	19	42	43	42	12	I"	14	21	I:-	..
PL	15	16	15	12	13	10	19	."	18	43	49	.-■'■	■,	^:	■:■	21	..	."
PT	17	16	19	I"	I"	■'■	."	:■,	:■:■	.	37	:■:■	.	.	.	,"	:■,	.
RO	23b	22b	23b	18b	20 b	16b	28b	26b	29b	46b	53b	31b	23b	21b	24b	33b	26b	35b
SI	11	I"	13	^:	^:	4	19	16	."	*.',*	.-■:■	34	17	11	."	19	."	I!
SK	■'■	■:■	I"	^:	^:	^:	14	13	I:-	4^:	M	41	■:■	^:	■'■	I:-	12	I!
Fl	13	12	14	^:	^:	■,	24	_^:	24	41	47	34	21	17	.	."	33	24
SE	I"	I"	11	7	7	■,	16	I:-	17	:■,	33	."	11	■:■	13	31	^:	:■'■
UK	18	16	_"	■:■	■:■	■:■	34	33	^:	^:y	61	"■:	31	:■'■	33	37	37	37

HR	: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
MK	: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
TR	: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

IS	9	8	10	7	7	7	17	15	19	_lii	:	29u	16	13	18	19	19	19
LI	: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
NO	12	10	14	6	6	7	22	18	24	44	47	41	13	6	18	37	43	34
CH	: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Source: EU-SILC

b Break in series

u Unreliable or uncertain data

297

At-risk-of-poverty rate by household type, 2007

	Households without dependent children									Households with dependent children
	Total	Single-person households					Two-adult households		Other house holds	Total	Single parent s	Two-adult households			Other house holds
	Total	Total	Men	Women	Aged < 65 years	Aged 65 years and more	Both < 65 years	At least one aged 65 years and more	Three or more adults	Total	At least 1 dep. Child	1 depen dent child	2 depen dent childre n	3+ depen dent childre n	At least 1 dep. Child
EU-27	16	25	22	28	23	28	11	16	10	18	34	12	14	25	18
BM'	15	:■"■	:■:■	:■"	23	:■"	10	16	10	17	34	12	14	14	17
EU-15	16	26	22	28	23	29	10	17	11	17	34	11	14	22	17

EA-15	16	:■"■	21	:■■!■	23	:■■!■	11	16	10	17	32	12	14	21	18
EA-13	16	:■:■	21	:■■:■	:■:■■	:■■:■	11	16	10	17	:■■:■	12	14	21
EA-12	16	25	21	:■■:■	23	27	11	16	11	17	32	12	14	21	18

BE	16	:■■;■	23	:■■!■	14	:■■;■	:	21	■:■	15	:■■■;■	■;■	:	18
BG	18	44	:■■:■	"4	:-;■	:■:■	16	15	10	:■:■	:■■■:■	12	:■:■	71	:■■;■
■::	■:■	16	14	17	18	13	:■	:■	:■	13	:■■"	7	:	:-;■	12
DK	15	:■"■	14	:■"■	:■"	20	:■	14	3	:	17	4	4	15	3
DE	17	:■"	:■"■	:-;■	:-;■	14	13	13	■;■	12	34	10	:	12
EE	:■:■■	49	42	:■:■■	:■■ :■■	■;■■;■	14	11	:	16	44	11	12	21
IE	19	4:	4>	51	34	:■"	13	14	:	17	4v	12	10	:■■:■	■;■
EL	18	:■"	:■"■	:-;■	:■:■	33	15	21	15	23	34	20	:■:■	30	23
ES	18	:■■:■	14	43	21	49	11	:■"	12	21	34	16	:■:■	:■■"	20
FR	11	17	17	18	17	18	:	■;■	10	15	:■"	:	10	18	:■:■■
IT	17	:■"	19	33	21	34	11	19	11	23	31	15	23	41	23
CY	:■■;■	46	30	:■■:■	14	74	14	49	7	10	33	■;■	■;■	16	4
LV	:■■;■	:■■;■	51	■;■:■	44	":■	20	:■:■	10	18	34	12	16	4v-
LT	20	49	41	:■:■■	:■■"	■;■■:■	11	13	7	18	JI-	14	13	:■-!■	14
LU	■;■	15	17	13	17	11	:	:■	■:■	17	JT-	10	14	:■"■	15
HU	:	16	:■■:■	14	21	11	:	4	4	16	:-;■	12	14	:■■!■	10
MT	14	21	17	23	:■■:■	15	16	:■"	4	15	: J	11	15	14	7
NL	■;■	15	13	!■:■	17	10	■:■	■;■	7	11	30	7	:■	19	:■
AT	12	:■■:■	14	:■"■	18	14	10	■;■	4	12	31	■;■	11	19	7
PL	11	16	14	12	:■:■■	■;■	12	■:■	10	21	31	15	20	:■■■;■
PT	19	:■■ :■■	:■■;■	:■■■;■	:■"	:■■"	18	:■■;■	■;■	18	34	12	17	43
RO	22 b	36b	26b	42b	27b	44b	17b	26 b	17b	27b	42 b	15b	22 b	55b	27b
SI	15	:■■■;■	33	43	34	44	13	12	■:■	■;■	:-;■	10	7	15	7
SK	■:■	17	15	18	18	16	4	4	4	14	:■■;■	■:■	12	:■■;■	13
Fl	16	:■■:■	:■■:■	:■■:■	:■■:■	:■■■;■	■:■	12	■:■	10	:■:■	■:■	:■	13	13
SE	12	21	21	20	:■:■	19	7	■:■	:■	10	14	■:■	:■	13	■;■
UK	19	30	:■"	33	:■:■	:■■■;■	11	:■■;■	11	19	44	11	13	31	13

HR	: : : ::::::::::::
MK
TR	: : : ::::::::::::

IS	11	:■■;■	21	31	18	42	7	2	2	9	23	6	7	12	6
LI
NO	15	:■■:■	:■:■	34	:■■:■	30	6	3	6	10	:-;■	4	5	8	9
CH	: : : ::::::::::::

Source: EU-SILC b Break in series

s Eurostat estimate

p Provisional value

298

At-risk-of-poverty threshold, PPS, 2007

BG I

CZ I

DK I

EE I

CY I

LV I

LT I

MT I

Single person

10035

2006b

5348

10175

10403

4059

10706

6946

7807

9363

8748

10938

3356

3512

17575

3979

7543b

10631

Tw o adults w ith tw o

children younger than 14

years

21075

4212b

11231

21367

21846

8524

22483

14588

16394

19661

18371

22970

7049

7376

36908

8355

15841b

22325

RO I

SK I

FI I

TR I

Single person

10933

3422

5360

1765b

7979b

4133

9321

9581

11366

12293

12479

Tw o adults w ith tw o

children younger than 14

years

22960

7187

11255

3707b

16756b

8678

19573

20120

23868

25816

26206

Source: EU-SILC
b	Break in series
s	Eurostat estimate
p	Provisional value

At-risk-of-poverty rate anchored at a fixed moment in time (2005) by age and gender, 2007

	Total			Less than 18 years	Between 18 and 64 years			65 years and over
	Total	Males	Females	Total	Total	Males	Females	Total	Males Females
EU-27	::::::::::
EU-25	14	14	15	17	13	12	14	17	14 18
EU-15	15	14	16	17	14	13	14	18	16 21

EA-15	15	14	16	17	14	13	15	18	15 20
EA-13	15	14	16	17	14	13	15	18	15 20
EA-12	15	14	16	17	14	13	15	18	15 20

BE	14	14	15	16	12	11	13	22	19 24
BG	::::::::::
CZ	7	7	8	13	7	6	7	3	1 4
DK	11	10	11	9	10	11	10	16	1 3 1 7
DE	14	13	15	13	14	13	15	15	12 17
EE	8	8	8	9	8	9	8	6	4 7
IE	12	11	12	14	11	1 0	11	13	11 15
EL	20	19	20	23	18	18	19	22	20 24
ES	17	16	18	20	14	13	15	23	22 25
FR	13	12	14	16	12	11	13	13	12 14
IT	20	18	21	25	17	16	19	22	18 25
CY	1 0	9	12	7	6	5	8	39	35 42
LV	1 0	10	1 0	11	10	1 0	10	9	5 10
LT	8	7	8	11	7	7	7	5	1 6
LU	14	13	14	20	13	12	13	8	7 8
HU	1 0	10	1 0	16	10	1 0	10	4	2 6
MT	11	10	11	14	9	8	1 0	13	16 11
NL	9	9	1 0	13	8	7	9	8	7 9
AT	13	12	15	17	11	1 0	13	16	1 1 19
PL	13	13	12	18	12	13	12	4	3 5
PT	18	17	19	21	15	14	16	26	24 27
RO	::::::::::
SI	10	8	11	9	8	8	8	17	9 22
SK	5	5	5	9	5	5	5	3	2 4
FI	11	10	11	9	10	1 0	9	18	14 20
SE	9	9	9	1 0	9	1 0	8	8	5 11
UK	16	15	17	19	13	12	13	24	21 27

HR	::::::::::
MK	::::::::::
TR	::::::::::

IS	6	6	6	7	6	6	5	6	4 8
LI	::::::::::
NO	11	9	13	11	11	10	12	12	3 18
CH	::::::::::

Source: EU-SILC

299

14.

Material deprivation

In 2007 around 17 % of individuals in the EU-27 were considered as materially deprived, meaning that their living conditions were severely affected by a lack of resources⁸. The proportion of such people was highest in Romania (53 %) and Latvia (45 %), and was lowest in Luxembourg (3 %), the Netherlands and Sweden (both 6 %), and Denmark (7 %). Some categories of the population like women, children and those at risk of poverty were more affected by material deprivation.

Severe housing deprivation concerned 7% of the whole EU27 population in 2007, with a peak at 31% in Romania and more than 20% in Poland, Latvia and Lithuania. In particular, whilst 17% of EU citizens overall lived in an overcrowded dwelling, this proportion exceeded 50 % in Bulgaria, Poland, Lithuania, Romania and Latvia.

Women (compared with men) and children (compared with adults) are more likely to be materially deprived

In order to draw a broader picture of social exclusion in the EU, the income-related indicators, such as the at-risk-of poverty rate, can be complemented by non-monetary indicators of living standards. Therefore an indicator called the “Material deprivation rate” was adopted in 2009 by the Indicators Sub-Group of the Social Protection Committee.

In 2007, 17 % of the EU-27 population could be considered as materially deprived with great discrepancies mainly between old and new Member States. On the one hand, only 3 % of the population was deprived in Luxembourg and 10 % or less in all Nordic countries, the Netherlands, Austria, Spain, Ireland and the United Kingdom. On the other hand, the material deprivation rate was above 50 % in Romania, 40 % in Latvia and over 30% in Poland, Hungary, Cyprus, Slovakia and Lithuania. In all countries material deprivation was higher for women than for men except in Sweden where both figures were equal.

The material deprivation rate provides a headcount of the number of people who cannot afford to pay their rent, mortgage or utility bills, keep their home adequately warm, meet unexpected expenses, eat meat or proteins regularly, go on holiday, or buy a television, a fridge, a car or a telephone. The indicator recently adopted by the Social Protection Committee measures the percentage of the population that cannot afford at least 3 of the 9 items quoted above.

300

Material deprivation rate by gender in the EU (%), 2007


70 - 60 50 40 - 30 - 20 10 0 - E
	Males Females Total







	U27 LUNONLSEDK IS FI ATES IE UKBEDEFRMT SI EE IT CZ EL PT LTSKCYHUPLLV ROBG

Source: EU-SILC

In most countries material deprivation was at a higher level for children than for the whole population (2pp at EU-27 level). The only exceptions were Cyprus (-3 pp), Greece and Latvia (both -2pp), and Spain, Slovenia, Estonia, and Lithuania (all -1 pp). As for the elderly population (persons aged 65 plus) they usually live in households which are less confronted with material deprivation. Nevertheless in some of the new Member States the material deprivation rate was much higher for the elderly than for the whole population. This was particularly striking in Latvia (difference of 14 pp), Romania and Cyprus (both 13 pp), and Slovakia (12 pp).

Material deprivation rate by age group in the EU (%), 2007



		Children (0-17) Elderly (65+)



40
40

20 10



EU27	LUNONL SEDKES IS FI ATDE SI IE EEUK FRBEMT IT CZ EL PTCY LT SK PL HULVRO

Source: EU-SILC

301

Material deprivation is much higher for the poor population

Material deprivation was also significantly higher for the at-risk-of-poverty population, 40 % on average in the EU-27 as opposed to 12 % for the population above the poverty threshold. This means that among the 495 million EU citizens in 2007, 32 million were both at risk of poverty and materially deprived.

Material Deprivation Rate by Poverty Status, 2007

	EU-27\|		BE	bg\|	CZ\|	dk\|	DE	EE\|	IE	EL	ES	FR	IT	cy\|	LV\|	lt\|	LU	HU	mt\|
Non Poors	12 s		7	:	12	5	8	9	6	15	7	8	10	25	36	22	1	33	10
Poors	40 s		42	:	55	20	34	41	30	50	21	35	36	64	76	61	17	71	28

Poors	NL	AT	PL	PT	RO\|	SI	sk\|	FI\|	SE	UK		HR	mk\|	tr\|		IS	LI	NO	ch\|
Non Poors	4	7	32	16	43	11	26	6	4	7		:	:	:		7	:	4	:
Poors	19	33	67	50	85	41	67	32	20	26		:	:	:		15	:	16	:

Source: EU-SILC

s Eurostat estimate

Material Deprivation Rate by Poverty Status, 2007

	EU-27\|		BE	bg\|	CZ\|	dk\|	DE	EE\|	IE	EL	ES	FR	IT	cy\|	LV\|	lt\|	LU	HU	mt\|
Non Poors	12 s		7	:	12	5	8	9	6	15	7	8	10	25	36	22	1	33	10
Poors	40 s		42	:	55	20	34	41	30	50	21	35	36	64	76	61	17	71	28

Poors	NL	AT	PL	PT	RO\|	SI	sk\|	FI\|	SE	UK		HR	mk\|	tr\|		IS	LI	NO	CH
Non Poors	4	7	32	16	43	11	26	6	4	7		:	:	:		7	:	4	:
Poors	19	33	67	50	85	41	67	32	20	26		:	:	:		15	:	16	:

Source: EU-SILC

s Eurostat estimate

In general, the correlation measured at country level between the standard at-risk-of-poverty rate and the material deprivation rate is quite low (0.42), given essentially that in most countries not all people living in low-income households face material deprivation and vice-versa. The former indicator measures relative poverty expressed in monetary terms while the latter follows a more absolute approach in terms of incapacity to afford some items which are considered desirable or even necessary by most people to have an adequate life. Following this pattern, in most old Member States, less than one third of the at-risk-of-poverty population was also concerned by material deprivation. On the other hand, monetary poverty tended to be a synonym for material deprivation in Romania (85 % of the population at risk of poverty), Latvia (76 %) and Hungary (71 %).

Material deprivation is more intense in countries where it is more frequent

The intensity of material deprivation, i.e. the mean number of deprived items among the deprived population, correlated highly with the material deprivation rate when measured at country level (0.88). In particular the intensity is greater in countries in which the highest share of population considered materially deprived is observed. At EU level the mean number of deprived items (among the deprived population) was 3.8 in 2007.

302

Material deprivation and its intensity in the EU (%), 2007

4.6

4.4

4.2

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.4

3.2

				♦ RO	♦ BG

		LT	LV
DK EU27	EL ♦	HU**PL
BE IT NO ♦ » «»CZ IE FR EE	PT	SK CY
SE FIAT
LU NL ES MT

10 20 30 40 50

Material deprivation rate

Source: EU-SILC

Almost one child in ten lives in a dwelling with serious drawbacks

Given the importance of housing cost in disposable income the improvement of access to affordable and good quality housing conditions plays a particular role in the fight against social exclusion. Therefore information on housing deprivation completes the picture described by the material deprivation rate (only dealing with the economic strain and durables aspects).

In particular the index of severe housing deprivation shows that 7% of the whole EU27 population was concerned in 2007, with a peak of 31 % in Romania and more than 20 % in Poland, Latvia and Lithuania. On the other hand, the share of the population living in dwellings with serious drawbacks is extremely low in half of the Member States.

303

Index of severe housing deprivation in the EU (%), 2007

Source: EU-SILC

In all countries the share of children (9.3 %) confronted with poor housing conditions was higher than the population average, as opposed to only 3.3 % of the elderly.

Severe housing deprivation by age, 2007

65 years and more

BE BG CZ DK DE EE

Below 18 years	9.3	1.7	30.6	12.4	2.5	1.6	19.9	2.0	9.4	2.9	4.2	9.6	1.0	31.3	28.6	3.1	19.2	1.0
Between 18 and 64 years	6.9	1.2	17.1	7.8	1.7	1.0	14.3	1.1	8.5	1.7	3.4	7.6	0.8	24.4	21.5	2.1	13.5	0.6

8.0 2.9 0.0 0.2 8.8 0.3 5.6 0.5 1.0 2.9 0.7 15.5 12.5 0.7 9.5

T PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS LI NO CH

Below 18 years	0.9	5.2	31.6	11.2	44.4	14.8	6.1	0.3	1.1	3.5	2.1	1.3
Between 18 and 64 years	0.8	3.9	25.3	7.7	29.4	12.3	4.0	0.9	1.2	1.7	1.6	1.2
65 years and more	0.1	1.1	18.6	2.5	17.9	7.4	3.2	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.0	0.1

Source: EU-SILC

One of the key dimensions in assessing housing conditions concerns the level of occupation of dwellings. In 2007, 17.3 % of the EU population lived in an overcrowded dwelling according to the recently adopted EU definition. While the proportion was very low in Cyprus and the Netherlands (both below 2 %), the share of population living in an overcrowded dwelling reached or exceeded 50 % in Bulgaria (50 %), Poland and Lithuania (both 52 %), Romania (54 %) and Latvia (59 %).

304

EU-27

EL ES

IT C

LU HU

3.3

0.1

0.6

Overcrowding rate in the EU (%), 2007

50 40

30 \ 20 \ 10

EU27 CY NLDEES BEMT IE NOUK FI DK LUFRSE IS AT PT IT EL CZ SISK EEHUBGPL LTROLV

Source: EU-SILC

The figures for enforced lack of 'Bath/shower' and 'Indoor toilet' ranged in 2007 from a few percent in most Member States to about 20 % in the Baltic countries and more than 40 % in Romania. As regards dwellings considered as too dark, the values varied, going up to 17 % in Portugal.

Finally the affordability of housing should also be considered to assess the risk of social exclusion. The Indicators Sub-Group of the Social Protection Committee adopted in June 2009 an indicator measuring the share of population for which net housing cost represents more than 40% of disposable income. This share stands at 12.7 % in the EU-27 with variations from between 2 % and 3 % in Cyprus, Malta and Ireland to 40 % in Bulgaria. With the reduced income the elderly are more exposed (14.4 %) to housing cost overburden than the rest of the population.

305

Housing cost overburden rate (%), 2007

Source: EU-SILC

Policy context

Improvement of living conditions and eradication of poverty are key objectives of the European Union. Under Article 136 of the EC Treaty the Member States must strive to promote employment, improved living and working conditions, proper social protection, dialogue between management and labour, the development of human resources with a view to lasting employment and the combating of social exclusion.

In 2000, EU leaders established the Social Inclusion Process to make a decisive impact on eradicating poverty by 2010. Since then, the European Union has provided a framework for national strategy development as well as for policy coordination between the Member States on issues relating to poverty and social exclusion. Participation by actors such as NGOs, social partners and local and regional authorities has become an important part of this process.

Τhe European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion (2010), which will coincide with the expiry of the Lisbon strategy, has the following objectives: (a) recognise the right of people in a situation of poverty and social exclusion to live in dignity and to play a full part in society; (b) increase public ownership of social inclusion policies and actions; (c) promote a more cohesive society; and (d) reiterate the strong political commitment of the EU to the fight against poverty and social exclusion.

Methodological notes

EU aggregates are Eurostat estimates obtained as a population size weighted average of national data.

Material deprivation is defined as the enforced lack of at least three of the nine following items⁹; ability to meet unexpected expenses, ability to pay for a one week annual holiday away from home, existence of arrears (mortgage or rent payments, utility bills, hire purchase instalments or other loan payments), capacity to have a meal with meat, chicken or fish every second day, capacity to keep home adequately warm, possession of a washing machine, a colour TV, a telephone or a personal car.

The index of severe housing deprivation is defined as the percentage of the population living in an overcrowded household AND deprived of at least one out of 3 housing items (1- leaking roof, damp walls/floors/foundation, or rot in window frames or floor; 2- bath or shower in the dwelling and indoor flushing toilet for sole use of the household; 3- problems with the dwelling: too dark, not enough light).

The indicator makes an essential distinction between the persons who cannot afford a certain good or service, and those who do not have this good or service for any other reason, e.g. because they do not want or do not need it.

306

The overcrowding rate is defined as the percentage of the population living in an overcrowded household; a person is considered as living in an overcrowded household if the household does not have at its disposal a minimum of rooms equal to:

-

one room for the household;
-

one room for each couple;
-

one room for each single person aged 18+;
-

one room for two single people of the same sex between 12 and 17 years of age;
-

one room for each single person of different sex between 12 and 17 years of age;
-

one room for two people under 12 years of age.

The Housing cost overburden rate is defined as the percentage of the population living in a household where total housing costs (net of housing allowances) represent more than 40% of the total disposable household income (net of housing allowances).

Further reading

•

Statistics in Focus (Population and social conditions): “79 million EU citizens were at-risk-of-poverty in 2007”, No 46/2009.
•

“Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion 2009”, 2009, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities
•

(COM(2008) 418 final) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. "A renewed commitment to social Europe: Reinforcing the Open Method of Coordination for Social Protection and Social Inclusion", July 2008
•

“European social statistics: Income, Poverty and Social Exclusion 2^nd Report”, 2003 edition. Eurostat

307

Material deprivation rate, (2004-2007)

	Total				Females				Males
	2004 I	2005 \|	2006 \|	2007	2004 I	2005 I 2006 I		2007	2004 1	2005 \|	2006 \|	2007
EU-2 7	:	17s	17s	17s	:	18s	17s	17s	:	17s	16s	16s
EU-2 5	:	17	17	16	:	18	17	17	:	17	16	15
EU-15	:	12	12	13	:	13	13	13	:	12	12	12

EA-15	:	13	13	13	:	13	14	14	:	12	12	12
EA-13	:	13	13	13	:	13	14	14	:	12	12	12
EA-12	:	13	13	13	:	13	14	14	:	12	12	12

BE	12	13	13	12	12	14	14	13	12	13	12	11
BG	::::::::::::
CZ	:	23	20	16	:	24	21	17	:	21	19	15
DK	6	8	8	7	7	8	9	8	6	7	7	6
DE	:	11	13	12	:	12	14	13	:	10	13	11
EE	21	27	18	15	23	28	19	17	20	25	16	14
IE	10	11	11	10	11	12	12	11	10	10	11	9
EL	25	26	23	22	26	28	25	23	24	25	22	21
ES	13	11	11	10	13	11	11	10	13	11	11	9
FR	14	13	13	12	15	14	14	12	14	12	12	11
IT	14	14	14	15	15	15	15	16	14	14	13	14
CY	:	31	31	31	:	32	31	32	:	31	30	30
LV	:	56	50	45	:	59	53	47	:	54	47	42
LT	:	52	41	30	:	53	43	31	:	50	39	28
LU	3	4	3	3	3	4	3	3	3	4	3	2
HU	:	40	38	37	:	41	33	38	:	39	37	37
MT	:	15	12	13	:	16	13	14	:	14	12	12
NL	:	8	6	6	:	8	7	6	:	7	6	5
AT	8	8	10	10	9	9	10	11	8	8	10	9
PL	:	51	44	38	:	51	45	39	:	50	43	38
PT	22	21	20	22	23	22	20	23	21	20	19	22
RO	:	:	:	53	:	:	:	54	:	:	:	53
SI	:	15	14	14	:	15	15	15	:	14	14	14
SK	:	43	36	30	:	44	37	32	:	42	35	28
Fl	11	11	10	9	11	11	11	11	10	10	9	8
SE	7	6	6	6	7	7	6	6	6	5	6	6
UK	:	13	11	10	:	13	12	11	:	12	10	10

HR	::::::::::::
MK	::::::::::::
TR	::::::::::::

IS	8	8	7	7	9	9	8	8	8	7	6	7
LI	::::::::::::
NO	6	7	6	5	6	7	6	5	6	7	6	4
CH	::::::::::::

Source: EU-SILC

s Eurostat estimate

308

Material deprivation rate by age group, (2004-2007)

Material deprivation rate by age group - Less than 18

2004

2005

2006

2007

Material deprivation rate by age group - Between 18 and 64 years

2004

2005

2006

2007

Material deprivation rate by age group - 65 years and over

2004

2005

2006

2007

EU-27	:	20s	19s	19s	:	17s	16s	16s	:	15s	14s	IT*
EU-25	:	20	10	IS	:	17	IG	IG	:	If.	14	14
EU-15	:	!!:•	!!:•	!!:•	:	12	12	12	:	10	10	11

EA-15	:	14	!!:•	!!:•	14	13	13	13	:	12	11	12
EA-13	:	14	!!:•	If.	14	13	13	13	:	12	11	12
EA-12	:	14	!!:•	If.	14	13	13	13	:	11	11	12

BE	16	18	17	15	12	13	12	11	7	9	10	10
BG	::::::::::::
CZ	:	27	23	20	:	2 I	10	If.	:	2G	20	17
DK	7	0	0	S	7	S	S	7	3	3	4	4
DE	:	12	IG	13	:	12	14	13	:	7	7	7
EE	20	27	10	14	20	2!;.	IG	14	27	32	2 I	20
IE	14	17	16	14	10	10	10	10	5	5	6	4
EL	21	23	22	20	24	25	22	21	34	36	31	20
ES	14	12	13	9	13	10	10	9	14	12	13	11
FR	17	16	15	15	15	13	13	12	10	9	9	8
IT	16	16	16	18	14	14	14	14	14	13	13	14
CY	:	29	30	28	:	30	30	29	:	41	38	44
LV	:	53	48	43	:	54	48	42	:	69	63	K'
LT	:	51	30	29	:	49	40	28	:	'53	51	30
LU	3	G	4	4	3	4	3	3	2	2	1	1
HU	:	44	42	42	:	30	3G	3G	:	41	37	3!;.
MT	:	17	14	IG	:	14	12	12	:	IG	12	12
NL	:	S	0	G	:	7	G	G	:	G	3	3
AT	10	0	12	12	8	S	10	10	7	0	0	10
PL	:	!M	44	30	:	W	43	38	:	r.4	47	41
PT	23	23	20	24	19	18	17	2 I	31	31	30	27
RO	:	:	:	r.7	:	:	:	40	:	:	:	GG
SI	:	14	12	13	:	14	14	14	:	19	19	IS
SK	:	4!:.	37	32	:	41	34	28	:	r.4	44	42
Fl	13	12	11	10	11	11	10	10	6	0	8	8
SE	9	7	S	7	7	G	G	G	2	4	3	3
UK	:	19	17	15	:	12	11	10	:	!:•	!:•	!:•

HR	::::::::::::
MK	::::::::::::
TR	::::::::::::

IS	9	9	9	10	9	8	7	7	3	4	5	4
LI	::::::::::::
NO	7	8	6	6	6	7	7	5	3	3	2	1
CH	::::::::::::

Source: EU-SILC

s Eurostat estimate

309

Mean number of deprivation items among the deprived

Total

Females

Males

2004 |

2005 |

2006 |

2007

2004 |

2005 |

2006 |

2007

2004 |

2005 |

2006 |

2007

EU-27

3.8

EU-25

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.8

EU-15

3.6

EA-15

3.6

EA-13

3.6

EA-12

3.6

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.7

3.6

3.8

3.7

4.5

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.8

3.7

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.6

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.8

3.6

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.8

3.9

3.8

3.4

3.6

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.6

4.4

4.1

4.4

4.1

4.4

4.1

4.2

4.1

4.2

4.1

3.9

4.2

4.1

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.5

3.3

3.5

3.6

3.4

3.5

3.9

3.6

3.4

3.5

3.4

3.6

3.4

3.5

3.4

3.5

3.3

3.4

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.5

3.7

3.5

4.2

4.1

3.9

4.2

3.9

4.2

4.1

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.7

4.5

3.5

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.7

3.5

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.5

::::::::::::

3.4

3.3

3.4

3.3

::::::::::::

3.7

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.7

::::::::::::

Source: EU-SILC

310

Overcrowding rate, (2005-2007)

Overcrowding rate, all households - Total
	EU-27 EU-25 EU-15 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
2005	15.8 3.5 32.7 6.7 5.7 44.7 4.8 27.7 6.4 8.8 23.5 2.0 57.4 51.5 9.4 49.3
2006	16.0 3.5 32.8 6.5 6.8 44.7 5.3 27.7 3.9 7.7 23.8 1.7 58.3 52.4 7.4 50.5
2007	17.3 3.5 50.2 32.0 6.8 3.2 42.8 3.8 27.6 3.5 9.2 23.7 1.5 59.1 51.7 7.5 46.1

	MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS LI NO CH
2005	3.3 1.5 13.2 50.7 15.9 41.2 44.9 6.6 10.1 5.0 7.3 5.6
2006	2.7 1.4 15.1 53.4 15.1 39.5 43.8 5.9 10.1 5.9 8.3 12.7
2007	3.6 1.5 14.8 51.6 15.5 54.4 39.1 41.1 5.7 9.5 5.6 10.2 5.0
Overcrow	ding rate (except 1-person households) - Total
	EU27 EU25 EU15 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
2005	16.4 3.3 33.3 6.0 4.6 46.4 5.0 28.7 6.7 8.0 25.6 2.1 59.3 54.3 9.1 52.6
2006	16.7 3.2 33.6 5.6 5.8 46.9 5.5 28.6 4.1 6.9 25.9 1.7 60.7 55.2 6.9 53.2
2007	18.4 3.2 52.9 32.9 6.0 2.7 44.9 3.9 28.6 3.7 8.4 25.9 1.4 61.0 54.8 6.9 48.9

	MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS LI NO CH
2005	3.5 1.2 13.6 52.6 16.7 42.4 44.8 3.6 7.2 5.5 6.8 4.4
2006	2.9 0.9 15.4 55.6 15.9 40.6 44.2 3.0 7.9 6.5 8.4 13.5
2007	3.8 1.2 15.2 53.8 16.3 57.4 40.1 42.7 2.8 7.0 6.1 10.3 3.8
Overcrow	ding rate - Females
	EU27 EU25 EU15 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
2005	15.7 3.1 33.1 6.2 5.6 45.2 4.9 28.0 6.4 8.3 23.1 1.8 57.9 51.0 9.6 48.1
2006	15.8 3.5 33.3 6.1 6.7 45.2 5.5 27.6 3.7 7.3 23.4 1.6 59.1 51.6 7.5 49.8
2007	17.2 3.2 50.8 32.6 6.6 3.2 43.4 3.7 27.4 3.5 9.0 23.2 1.3 59.9 51.7 7.3 45.4

	MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS LI NO CH
2005	3.4 1.6 13.2 50.0 15.3 41.7 45.1 6.2 10.2 5.1 7.8 5.8
2006	2.8 1.3 14.9 52.7 14.6 39.8 43.4 5.3 9.8 5.9 8.8 12.8
2007	3.6 1.5 14.2 50.8 14.7 54.2 39.7 40.4 5.4 8.8 5.7 10.5 4.7
Overcrow	ding rate - Males
	EU27 EU25 EU15 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
2005	15.9 4.0 32.2 7.1 5.9 44.0 4.7 27.5 6.3 9.2 24.0 2.2 56.8 52.1 9.3 50.5
2006	16.1 3.5 32.3 6.9 7.0 44.0 5.1 27.8 4.1 8.2 24.3 1.8 57.5 53.3 7.4 51.3
2007	17.4 3.9 49.7 31.4 7.0 3.2 42.2 3.8 27.8 3.6 9.4 24.3 1.6 58.3 51.8 7.6 46.9

	MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS LI NO CH
2005	3.3 1.4 13.3 51.5 16.5 40.7 44.6 6.9 9.9 5.0 6.9 5.4
2006	2.7 1.6 15.2 54.2 15.6 39.2 44.3 6.5 10.4 5.8 7.7 12.6
2007	3.5 1.6 15.4 52.3 16.3 54.8 38.6 41.9 6.0 10.1 5.5 9.9 5.3
Overcrow	ding rate - Below 18
	EU27 EU25 EU15 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
2005	20.2 5.5 45.3 9.0 7.2 56.8 5.8 29.4 9.0 11.0 32.0 2.3 70.9 66.6 12.5 66.8
2006	20.4 5.6 45.5 8.2 8.6 57.2 6.9 31.5 6.2 9.7 33.0 1.6 71.7 64.8 9.4 64.3
2007	22.6 5.4 68.9 46.2 9.4 5.1 54.6 4.1 32.5 5.1 11.8 33.0 1.5 72.1 66.0 9.3 60.4

	MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS LI NO CH
2005	3.9 1.3 18.4 62.0 23.9 48.3 52.5 5.4 10.9 8.9 8.0 7.3
2006	2.9 0.9 20.9 64.2 22.1 45.7 51.2 4.3 11.2 9.9 10.3 17.3
2007	4.1 1.5 20.7 63.0 21.8 70.1 46.4 51.7 3.8 10.0 9.3 13.4 6.2
Overcrow	ding rate - Between 18 and 64
	EU27 EU25 EU15 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
2005	16.5 3.5 32.1 7.2 6.3 45.1 5.0 31.1 6.6 9.3 25.3 2.0 57.7 51.9 9.7 49.4
2006	16.8 3.3 32.5 7.2 7.6 45.1 5.3 30.7 4.0 8.2 25.6 1.8 58.6 54.5 7.8 51.1
2007	18.2 3.6 52.1 31.4 7.4 3.3 43.7 4.1 30.4 3.7 9.9 25.8 1.4 59.5 53.2 7.9 46.2

	MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS LI NO CH
2005	3.4 1.8 13.6 50.5 16.0 43.1 45.7 7.1 10.7 4.7 7.9 5.9
2006	2.9 1.9 15.4 53.7 15.4 41.4 45.2 6.7 11.5 5.8 8.5 13.4
2007	3.8 1.8 15.3 51.8 16.1 55.8 40.7 43.2 6.5 11.0 5.6 10.3 5.7
Overcrow	ding rate - 65 years and more
	EU27 EU25 EU15 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
2005	7.6 0.9 18.1 1.1 2.0 27.5 1.7 14.1 2.8 3.7 10.1 1.3 40.0 27.0 3.4 26.4
2006	7.4 1.3 17.0 1.0 2.2 27.9 1.5 13.6 1.4 3.2 9.8 1.6 39.9 26.4 2.1 28.4
2007	7.6 0.8 25.9 16.2 0.5 0.9 26.2 1.0 13.3 1.2 3.3 8.8 1.5 41.5 26.9 2.5 25.2

311

Housing cost overburden rate (2005-2007)

	Total			Females			Males			Housing cost overburden rate - Below 18			Housing cost overburden rate -Between 18 and 64			Housing cost overburden rate - 65 years and more
	2005 \|	2006 \|	2007	2005 \|	2006 \|	2007	2005 \|	2006 \|	2007	2005 \|	2006 \|	2007	2005 \|	2006 \| 2007		2005 \|	2006 \| 2007
EU-27	:	:	12.7	:	:	13.4	:	:	12.0	:	:	12.1	:	:	12.4	:	:	14.4
EU25	11.8 s	13.6 s	:	:	14.3 s	:	11.0 s	12.9 s	:	:	12.7 s	:	:	13.4 s	:	:	15.5 s	:
EU-15	::::::::::::::::::

BE	9.3	9.8	10.1	10.1	10.6	10.7	8.4	8.9	9.4	7.2	8.0	8.7	9.5	9.3	10.2	11.1	13.9	11.6
BG	:	:	40.0	:	:	417	:	:	38.1	:	:	40.6	:	:	38.1	:	:	46.1
CZ	10.0	10.8	10.3	10.8	11.9	11.5	9.2	9.5	9.1	10.6	11.4	10.8	9.4	9.8	9.2	11.9	14.4	14.8
DK	13.6	16.1	13.4	14.0	16.6	145	13.2	15.6	12.2	8.1	8.6	8.2	13.8	16.8	13.9	21.1	24.3	18.9
EE	8.1	7.2	52	8.8	8.2	5.6	7.3	6.1	4.8	7.2	6.	5.0	7.6	6.7	5.0	11.3	10.4	6.5
IE	2.7	2.5	3.1	2.7	2.5	3.3	2.7	2.5	3 .0	2.1	1.9	.	3.3	3.0	3.8	1.2	1.3	14
EL	:	:	16.0	:	:	17.3	:	:	14.6	:	:	18.9	:	:	15.4	:	:	15.1
ES	:	6.6	6.8	:	6.9	7.0	:	6.2	6.7	:	8.2	8.4	:	6.8	7.3	:	3.9	3.5
FR	5.0	5.5	5.6	5.7	6.4	5.9	4.3	4.7	5	2.3	3.5	3.4	5.5	6.0	6.	6.8	6.5	5.8
IT	:	:	77	:	:	8.3	:	:	7.0	:	:	8.8	:	:	7.1	:	:	8.3
CY	6.6	3.1	1.9	7.7	3.3	.	5.5	3.0	1.5	4.2	3.0	1.5	5.3	3.0	1.7	19.1	3.8	3.3
LV	:	:	9.5	:	:	10.6	:	:	8.2	:	:	75	:	:	8.9	:	:	144
LT	9.3	6.9	4.9	10.0	8.1	5	8.5	5.6	4.3	9.9	5.8	45	9.4	6.6	4.8	7.9	9.7	5.8
LU	3.8	4.9	3.9	3.8	5.1	4.0	3.7	4.6	3.9	3.3	52	42	4.3	52	4.	2.2	2.6	2
HU	18.1	12.3	7.3	18.8	12.7	8.0	17.3	11.8	6.4	20.6	145	7.1	18.6	12.0	7.0	12.6	10.1	8.6
MT	2.2	1.9	2.6	2.	2.0	2.8	2.0	1.8	24	2.0	2.0	3.1	1.9	1.8	2.	3.9	24	3.4
NL	20. 4	19.9	18.6	20.8	20.6	19.6	20.0	19.2	17.5	21.2	18.0	18.4	20.1	19.8	174	20. 7	23.7	24 4
AT	45	5.0	54	4.8	5.8	6.1	4.0	42	4.6	3.1	3.9	4.9	5.0	5	5 5	3.7	5.1	5
PL	16.5	12.0	10.5	17.3	12.9	11.4	15.7	11.1	9.6	17.1	12.0	10.1	17.0	12.2	10.6	13.4	11.4	10.5
PT	:	:	74	:	:	7.7	:	:	7.1	:	:	11.3	:	:	7.1	:	:	44
RO	:	:	18.4	:	:	19.2	:	:	17.5	:	:	17.7	:	:	16.9	:	:	26.2
SI	4.7	3.0	5.1	4.8	3.2	5 5	4.5	2.7	4.6	3.5	2.3	4.3	4.5	2.8	4.7	6.6	4.4	7.6
SK	14.9	17.2	18.9	15.6	19.5	20.6	14.0	147	17.1	15.9	145	19.0	13.6	144	16.7	21.6	36.1	30.0
FI	3.5	3.7	47	3.7	4.	5.1	3.4	3.3	4.3	.4	2.7	3.9	4 1	4.3	4.9	2.9	3 .0	52
SE	9.7	9.9	7.8	10.7	9.9	8.1	8.5	9.8	75	5 5	77	45	9.1	9.4	7.7	18.3	152	12.9
UK	15.3	16.5	16.9	15.2	17.1	17.4	15.3	15.9	16.3	14.4	16.1	17.4	16.1	16.7	17.0	13.1	16.5	15.7

HR	::::::::::::::::::
MK	::::::::::::::::::
TR	::::::::::::::::::

IS	11.0	13.1	10.1	10.7	12.5	9.4	11.3	13.7	10.9	11.7	16.3	11.0	11.3	12.8	10.2	7.6	6.6	7.6
LI	::::::::::::::::::
NO	4.3	11.0	13.5	4.2	10.7	13.3	4.4	11.3	13.6	4.3	8.3	11.9	4.4	12.7	15.5	3.7	8.2	7.3
CH	::::::::::::::::::

Source: EU-SILC

s Eurostat estimate

Note: Germany data not show n but included in the averages

312

Severe housing deprivation rate

Total

Females

Males

Severe housing deprivation rate-Below 18

Severe housing

deprivation rate,

Between 18 and 64

Severe housing

deprivation - 65 years

and more

2005 |

2006 |

2007

2005 |

2006 |

2007

2005 |

2006 |

2007

2005 |

2006 |

2007

2005 |

2006 |

2007

2005 |

2006 |

2007

EU27

6.8

6.7

6.8

9.3

6.9

3.3

EU25

6.5

6.4

6.3

6.6

6.4

8.8

8.4

6.6

3.3

3.1

1.6

1.1

1.2

1.0

0.9

2.0

1.2

1.4

2.5

1.9

1.7

1.6

1.1

1.2

0.3

0.2

0.1

17.8

17.3

18.2

30.6

17.1

8.0

9.6

10.4

8.0

9.6

10.3

7.9

9.6

10.4

8.1

14.8

15.8

12.4

9.2

10.2

7.8

4.7

4.1

2.9

1.1

1.2

1.6

1.1

1.4

1.5

1.0

1.7

1.5

2.1

2.5

1.2

1.7

0.0

1.5

2.2

1.0

1.5

2.2

1.0

1.6

2.2

1.0

2.4

3.0

1.6

2.5

1.0

0.3

0.4

0.2

16.9

14.9

14.5

17.0

15.1

14.4

16.9

14.7

14.6

23.3

21.5

19.9

16.5

14.1

14.3

10.5

9.9

8.8

1.4

2.3

1.2

1.5

2.3

1.3

2.3

1.2

2.3

3.0

2.0

1.2

2.4

1.1

0.5

0.2

0.3

8.8

8.7

8.1

8.8

8.6

7.8

8.9

8.3

8.8

9.0

9.4

9.6

9.4

8.5

6.0

6.1

5.6

2.2

1.6

1.7

2.1

1.5

1.7

2.2

1.8

1.7

3.6

3.3

2.9

2.1

1.5

1.7

0.9

0.5

2.8

2.6

3.2

2.5

2.3

3.1

2.9

3.2

4.0

3.4

4.2

2.9

2.8

3.4

1.0

0.5

1.0

7.8

7.6

7.0

7.8

7.5

6.8

7.8

7.7

7.3

10.8

10.5

9.6

8.2

8.0

7.6

3.6

3.7

2.9

1.5

1.3

0.8

1.3

1.1

0.7

1.7

1.4

0.9

1.7

1.3

1.0

1.5

1.3

0.8

1.0

1.2

0.7

30.3

26.8

24.4

30.4

26.6

24.8

30.2

26.9

23.9

40.7

35.5

31.3

29.9

26.3

24.4

19.6

17.4

15.5

27.6

25.7

21.6

27.1

24.8

21.1

28.1

26.6

22.1

37.4

34.0

28.6

27.1

25.9

21.5

15.1

12.9

12.5

2.2

1.7

2.1

1.4

1.8

2.3

2.0

2.4

2.7

2.2

3.1

2.3

1.7

2.1

0.6

0.5

0.7

22.4

18.8

14.1

21.8

18.4

14.0

23.1

19.3

14.2

31.6

25.4

19.2

21.9

18.2

13.5

13.0

12.2

9.5

0.9

0.7

0.9

0.7

0.9

0.6

0.7

1.2

0.8

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.9

0.8

0.1

3.2

3.7

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.1

4.1

3.9

3.8

4.6

5.2

3.4

4.0

3.9

1.7

1.5

1.1

28.0

28.4

25.7

27.4

27.9

25.1

28.7

28.8

26.3

34.5

34.3

31.6

27.5

28.1

25.3

20.5

20.3

18.6

7.4

7.1

7.4

7.2

6.7

7.1

7.7

7.5

7.8

11.3

10.3

11.2

7.3

7.2

7.7

3.6

3.3

2.5

30.7

30.3

31.2

44.4

29.4

17.9

12.1

12.9

12.1

12.3

13.0

12.4

11.9

12.7

11.7

14.9

14.6

14.8

12.5

13.3

12.3

6.9

9.0

7.4

6.1

5.1

4.3

6.2

5.0

4.3

5.9

5.3

4.3

7.6

6.9

6.1

5.8

4.8

4.0

4.9

3.9

3.2

0.9

0.7

0.8

0.7

0.6

1.0

0.8

0.9

0.5

0.3

1.0

0.8

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.3

0.9

1.3

1.0

1.3

0.9

1.2

0.9

1.6

1.1

1.4

1.2

0.3

0.2

1.9

2.0

1.8

3.8

3.1

3.5

1.7

2.0

1.7

0.2

0.4

::::::::::::::::::

1.4

1.6

1.4

1.6

1.3

1.2

1.5

2.0

2.1

1.6

1.4

1.6

0.0

0.2

0.0

::::::::::::::::::

1.4

2.1

1.1

1.5

2.2

1.1

1.3

1.9

1.1

1.9

2.8

1.3

1.5

2.2

1.2

0.0

0.3

0.1

:::::::::::: : : : :

Source: EU-SILC

313

15.

Earnings of Women and Men

In all EU-27 Member States, the average gross hourly earnings of women in 2007 were estimated at 17.6% less than the gross hourly earnings of men¹⁰. The smallest differences are found in Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, Romania and Belgium (less than 10%), the biggest in Estonia, Czech Republic and Austria (more than 25%). To reduce gender pay differences both direct pay-related discrimination and indirect discrimination related to labour market participation, occupational choice and career progression have to be addressed.

Source: Eurostat - GPG based on the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES)

Sizeable pay differences between men and women persist in Europe

Gender pay gap in unadjusted form (%), 2007

(Difference between men's and women's average gross hourly earnings as a percentage of men's average gross hourly earnings. The population consists of all paid employees) in enterprises with 10

employees and mor e in economi c activities of NACE Rev. 1.1 aggregate C to O (excluding L).

EU-27 |

EA-16 |

BG |

CZ |

DK |

EE |

CY |

LV |

LT |

17.6

17.5

9.1

12.4

23.6

17.7

23.0

30.3

17.1

21.5

17.1

16.9

5.1

23.1

15.4

20.0

12.5

16.3

5.2

RO |

SK |

FI I

MK |

TR |

23.6

25.5

7.5

8.3

12.7

8.3

23.6

20.0

17.9

21.1

15.7

18.7

Notes:

EU-27, EA-16 (provisional)

EE, EL, ES, IT and MT (2006 data)

Source: Eurostat - GPG based on the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES)

According to the GPG figures calculated on the basis of the methodology of the Structure of Earnings Surveys (SES) for 2006 and on SES comparable national data for the reference year 2007, the gender pay gap – difference in average gross hourly earnings as a percentage of men’s average gross hourly earnings – varied between 4 % and 30 %. Women’s earnings remain on average below those of men in all EU countries.

The Gender Pay Gap (GPG) is defined as the difference in average gross hourly earnings as a percentage of men’s

average gross hourly earnings.

Source: From reference year 2006 onwards, the new GPG data are based on the methodology of the Structure of

Earnings Survey (Reg.: 530/1999) carried out with a four-yearly periodicity. The most recent available reference years

are 2002 and 2006 and Eurostat computed the GPG for these years on this basis. For the intermediate years (2007

onwards) countries provide Eurostat with estimates benchmarked on the SES results.

According to the new methodology the coverage is defined as follows:

-

target population: all employees, there are no restrictions for age and hours worked.
-

economic activity according to NACE Rev. 1.1. Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community: only for the aggregate sections C to O (excluding L); and if available, also for sections C to O and aggregate C to O.
-

size of enterprises: 10 employees or more.

Gross hourly earnings shall include paid overtime and exclude non-regular payments. Also, part-time employees shall be included.

314

The pay differences are related both to differences in the personal and job characteristics of men and women in employment and to differences in the remuneration of these characteristics

45.0-. 40.0-35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0

Gender pay gap in unadjusted form in % , 2007 NACE Rev.1.1 C to K and G

EU-27 EA-16 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE GR ES FR IT CY

LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK TR NO CH

□ c_to_k □ g

Notes: Reference year (sectors C-F): 2000 ES; 2003 EL; 2004 PL; 2005 EE, IE, LT (full-time units), NL, SI, HR; 2006 BE, CZ,

DE, FR, CY, AT, PT and CH; (sector G): 2003 EL; 2004 PL; 2005 IE, NL, EE, LT (full-time units), NL, SI, HR; 2006 BE, CZ, DE,

FR, CY, AT, PT and CH.

The bars are in the order of the bars of the previous graph in order make it easy to compare the two graphs.

Source: Eurostat, statistics on annual gross earnings (Gentlemen's agreement)

Women and men in employment differ significantly as regards their personal and job characteristics, including labour market participation, employment, earnings, the sector and occupational employment structures as well as job status, job type and career progression. The differences in pay are particularly high among older workers, the high-skilled and those with supervisory or managerial job status. They also vary between different sectors of activity and different occupations. The GPG 2007 for the broad sector of activity Industry and merchant services from the one hand and its sub part Wholesale and retail trade; Repair of motor vehicles and personal & household goods are presented in the graph above. Gender pay gaps vary between 13 % in Bulgaria and 31 % in Estonia for Industry and merchant services, which includes Industry, which is a strongly male-dominated sector. However, they vary between 12 % in Bulgaria and 41 % in the Estonia for Wholesale and retail trade, which is a sector slightly more women-oriented sector. In most countries the gender pay gaps are bigger in Wholesale and retail trade etc. than in the total of Industry and merchant services.

Women have much less managerial responsibility than men in the Member States for which data are available from the European Labour Force Survey. In the EU-25 Member States, 32 % of managers were women in 2005, a slight increase since 2000. The highest percentages of women among managers are found in Lithuania and Latvia, while the lowest percentages are in Malta and Cyprus.

Furthermore women tend to be in non-standard employment such as fixed-term and part-time work. In the EU-27, 31.1 % of women were working part-time in 2008, against 7.9 % of men. Compared to 2003, the share of parttime employment rose by 2.0 percentage points for women and 1.1 percentage points for men. The share of female part-timers exceeded 30 % in Denmark, Ireland, Denmark and Luxembourg, 40 % in Belgium, Germany Austria, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and even reached 75 % in the Netherlands. Conversely, the share of part-timers among female workers was very low in Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic Latvia and Lithuania (less than 10%). Men are thus not only more concentrated in higher paid sectors and occupations, but within these sectors and occupations they are also more likely than women to hold managerial responsibilities and if they do so the earnings are relatively higher.

Furthermore, while both men and women have lower earnings in female-dominated sectors and occupations, this wage penalty is more pronounced for women. Finally, independently of the initial pay differential, the gender pay gap widens considerably throughout working life.

Both the differences in the composition of the male and female workforce and differences in the remuneration of jobs performed by men and women contribute to the overall gender pay gap. As shown in Employment in Europe 2005 and 2007, differences in the male and female workforce composition related to the sector of employment and the occupational category contribute significantly to the gender pay gap. Since such compositional differences can stem from forms of indirect discrimination such as traditions and social norms and constraints on choices related to education, labour market participation, occupation and career progression, both types of gender differences and both forms of potential discrimination — direct pay-related ones and indirect ones related to the above choices – have to be addressed to reduce the differences in pay.

315

Policy context

Treaty: The big gender differences which persist in European labour markets need to be tackled to promote economic growth, employment and social cohesion.

The EC Treaty (Article 141) states that "Each Member State shall ensure that the principle of equal pay for male and female workers for equal work or work of equal value is applied. For the purpose of this Article, ‘pay’ means the ordinary basic or minimum wage or salary and any other consideration, whether in cash or in kind, which the worker receives directly or indirectly, in respect of his employment, from his employer. Equal pay without discrimination based on sex means:

(a) that pay for the same work at piece rates shall be calculated on the basis of the same unit of measurement;

(b) that pay for work at time rates shall be the same for the same job."

Directives: Adopted the on 10 February 1975, Council Directive 75/117/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women was the first "gender equality directive". It establishes the principle of equal pay which means, for the same work or for work to which equal value is attributed, the elimination of all discrimination on grounds of sex with regard to all aspects and conditions of remuneration. It is therefore the first legal text referring to work of equal value.

The main legal text on the principle of equal treatment between women and men is currently Directive 2006/54/EC (the recast Directive), which consolidates within a single text seven previous Directives, in particular Directive 75/117/EC.

Employment guidelines: According to the 2000 Employment Guidelines (No.19): “They (Member States) will initiate positive steps to promote equal pay for equal work or work of equal value and to diminish differentials in incomes between women and men.” The 2001 Employment Guidelines further specified that measures would be needed to address gender differences in pay in both the private and public sectors and that the impact of policies on gender differences in pay should be identified and addressed. The 2002 Employment Guidelines advocated both the settings of targets for tackling the pay gap and the inclusion in the strategy, inter alia, of a review of job classification and pay systems to eliminate gender bias, improving statistical and monitoring systems, and awareness-raising and transparency as regards differences in pay. Under the 2003 Employment Guidelines, policies were to be aimed at achieving by 2010 a substantial reduction in the gender pay gap in each Member State, through a multi-faceted approach addressing the underlying factors, including sectoral and occupational segregation, education and training. The 2005 Employment Guidelines (No 18) called for a life-cycle approach to work, through resolute action to increase female participation and reduce gender gaps in employment, unemployment and pay; they sought also (No 22) to ensure employment-friendly labour cost developments and wage-setting mechanisms, by encouraging social partners within their own areas of responsibility to set the right framework for wage bargaining in order to reflect productivity and labour market challenges at all relevant levels and to avoid gender pay gaps. Finally, the 2008-2010 Employment Guidelines keep the same content as the 2005 ones, adding that the gender pay gap should be reduced and that particular attention should be given both to the low level of wages in professions and sectors which tend to be dominated by women and to the reasons for reduced earnings in professions and sectors.

2007 Communication "Tackling the pay gap between women and men": In line with the the Roadmap for Equality between women and men, the Commission presented in 2007 a Communication on how to tackle the gender pay gap. The document examines the causes of the gender pay gap and puts forward possible ways of reducing it:

•

Ensuring better application of existing legislation (analysing how current laws could be adapted and raising awareness);
•

Fighting the pay gap as an integral part of Member States' employment policies (exploiting full potential of EU funding, in particular the European Social Fund);
•

Promoting equal pay among employers, especially through social responsibility;
•

Supporting exchange of good practices across the EU and involving the social partners.

The Employment Committee Report on Indicators of Quality in Work contains indicators on earnings in the form of transition tables.

Methodological notes

From reference year 2006 onwards, the new GPG (Gender Pay Gap) in unadjusted form is based on the methodology of the SES (Structure of Earnings Survey according to Regulation (EC) 530/1999). The SES is carried out with a four-yearly periodicity. The most recent available reference years for the SES are 2002 and 2006. Eurostat computed the GPG for these years on this basis. For the intermediate years (2007 onwards) countries provide to Eurostat with GPG estimates benchmarked on the SES results.

316

The GPG in unadjusted form represents the difference between average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees.

The GPG is calculated using the arithmetic mean.

According to the new methodology the coverage is defined as follows:

•

target population: all employees, there are no restrictions for age and hours worked;
•

economic activity according to NACE Rev. 1.1. (Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community): aggregate value for sections C to O (excluding L); detailed sections C to O and aggregate C to O values are optional;
•

size of enterprises: 10 employees or more.

Gross hourly earnings include paid overtime and exclude non-regular payments. Also, part-time employees are included.

As regards the "old" GPG figures previously published by Eurostat, countries calculated results using different data sources (administrative file, Labour Force Survey, EU-SILC – European survey about income and living conditions – or specific national surveys) involving distinct definitions, different coverage, sample size problems, etc.. All these elements hampered the GPG indicator's data quality and its comparability between Member States (this is why it was agreed to switch to an EU-level comparable common data source: the SES).

Harmonised average gross annual earnings data relate to enterprises with 10 or more employees, except for HU – enterprises employing more than 4 employees ES – enterprises employing more than 5 employees BE, LU, UK, CZ, CY and SK – enterprises from all size groups.

All data relate to full-time employees except for CZ, EE, LV and SI for which data relate to full-time equivalents. Average annual gross earnings data are provided once a year by Member States to Eurostat on a voluntary basis (Gentlemen's agreement).

Eurostat quarterly labour force data (QLFD) consist of employment by economic activity and status in employment, further broken down by sex and some job characteristics. They are based on the EU Labour Force Survey (EU LFS) and on European System of National Accounts (ESA 95).

Quarterly LFS data have been available since the first quarter of 2003 in all EU countries, except Germany (quarterly estimates provided until German LFS became quarterly from 2005) and Luxembourg. Data for France refer to metropolitan France (excluding overseas departments).

The classification by part-time or full-time job depends on a direct question in the LFS, except for the Netherlands where it depends on a threshold on the basis of the number of hours usually worked.

Further reading

•

"Health statistics: Key data on Health 2002", 2002 edition. Eurostat
•

"Health in Europe", data 1998-2003, pocketbook, 2005 edition. Eurostat
•

Health statistics – Atlas on mortality in the European Union ", 2009 edition. Eurostat
•

" Who dies of what in Europe before the age of 65" – 2009 Statistics in focus
•

" Perception of health and access to health care in the EU-25 in 2007 - Issue number 24/2009
•

"European social statistics – Population statistics", 2006 edition. Eurostat
•

Eurostat Population and social conditions statistics
•

Causes of death in the EU- 2006 Statistics in focus (data 2003)
•

OECD Health data 2008
•

WHO Health For All Database
•

Follow-up to the high level reflection process on patient mobility and healthcare developments in the European Union – COM (2004) 301
•

"Modernising social protection for the development of high-quality, accessible and sustainable health care and long-term care: support for the national strategies using the ‘open method of coordination" – COM (2004) 304
•

"Review of the 2005 Preliminary National Policy Statements on Health Care and Long-term Care", Memorandum of the Social Protection Committee, November 2005
•

Decision 1350/2007 establishing a second programme of Community action in the field of health (2008-2013)

325

White paper “Together for health: a strategic approach for the EU 2008-2013” – COM (2007) 630

“Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion 2007”, 2007, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities

“Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion 2008”, 2008, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities

Review of the Long-term care part of the National Reports on Strategies for Social Protection and Social Inclusion 2006-2008 and updates 2007, Memorandum of the Social Protection Committee, April 2008

"Monitoring progress towards the objectives of the European Strategy for Social Protection and Social Inclusion", Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 6.10.2008, SEC(2008)

Solidarity in health: Reducing health inequalities in the EU (COM(2009) 567/4) http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_determinants/socio_economics/documents/com2009_en.pdf

326

Life expectancy at birth, by sex

(The mean numbe r of years that a newborn child is expected to live if subjected throughout her/his life to the current mortality conditions (age specific probabilities of dying))

	1960		1970		1980		1990		2000		2001		2002		2003		2004		2005		2006		2007
	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M

EU27	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	80.9	74.5	80.8	74.6	81.5	75.2	81.5	75.4	82.0	75.8	:	:
EA16	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	81.8	75.4	821	75.7	82.1	75.9	81.9	75.9	82.7	76.7	82.7	76.8	83.3	77.3	:	:

BE	72.8	66.8	74.2	67.9	76.7	69.9	79.5	72.7	81.0	74.6	81.2	74.9	81.2	75.1	81.1	75.3	81.8	76.0	81.9	76.2	82.3	76.6	82.6	77.1
BG	71.1	67.5	73.5	69.1	73.9	68.4	74.7	68.0	75.0	68.4	75.4	68.6	75.5	68.8	75.9	68.9	76.2	69.0	76.2	69.0	76.3	69.2	76.7	69.5
CZ	73.5	67.8	73.1	66.1	74.0	66.9	75.5	67.6	78.5	71.7	78.6	72.1	78.7	72.1	78.6	720	79.2	72.6	79.2	72.9	79.9	73.5	80.2	73.8
DK	:	:	:	:	77.3	71.2	77.8	72.0	79.2	74.5	79.3	74.7	79.4	74.8	79.8	75.0	80.2	75.4	80.5	76.0	80.7	76.1	80.6	76.2
DE	71.7	66.5	73.6	67.5	76.2	69.6	78.5	72.0	81.2	75.1	81.4	75.6	81.3	75.7	81.3	75.8	81.9	76.5	82.0	76.7	82.4	77.2	82.7	77.4
EE	:	:	:	:	:	:	74.9	64.7	76.2	65.2	76.4	64.8	77.0	65.2	77.1	66.1	77.8	66.4	78.1	67.3	78.6	67.4	78.8	67.2
IE	:	:	:	:	:	:	77.7	72.1	79.2	74.0	79.9	74.5	80.5	75.2	80.8	75.9	81.4	76.4	81.8	77.3	82.2	77.4	82.1	77.4
EL	:	:	76.0	71.6	77.5	73.0	79.5	74.7	80.6	75.5	81.0	75.9	81.1	76.2	81.2	76.5	81.3	76.6	81.6	76.8	81.9	77.2	81.8	77.1
ES	:	:	:	:	78.4	723	80.6	73.4	82.9	75.8	83.2	76.2	83.2	76.3	83.0	76.3	83.7	76.9	83.7	77.0	84.4	77.7	84.3	77.8
FR	:	:	:	:	:	:	81.2	72.8	83.0	75.3	83.0	75.5	83.0	75.7	82.7	75.8	83.8	76.7	83.7	76.7	84.4	77.3	84.8	77.6
IT	:	:	:	:	:	:	80.3	73.8	82.8	76.9	83.1	77.1	83.2	77.4	828	77.1	83.8	77.9	83.6	78.0	84.2	78.5	:	:
CY	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	80.1	75.4	81.4	76.6	81.0	76.4	81.2	76.9	81.9	76.6	80.9	76.8	82.2	78.4	82.2	77.9
LV	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	76.0	64.7	75.8	65.6	76.2	65.9	76.5	65.4	76.3	65.4	76.5	65.8
LT	:	:	75.0	66.8	75.4	65.4	76.3	66.4	77.5	66.8	77.6	65.9	77.5	66.2	77.8	66.4	77.7	66.3	77.3	65.3	77.0	65.3	77.2	64.9
LU	:	:	:	:	75.6	70.0	78.7	72.4	81.3	74.6	80.7	75.1	81.5	74.6	80.8	74.8	824	76.0	82.3	76.7	81.9	76.8	82.2	76.7
HU	70.2	65.9	72.1	66.3	72.8	65.5	73.8	65.2	76.2	67.5	76.7	68.2	76.7	68.3	76.7	68.4	77.2	68.7	77.2	68.7	77.8	69.2	77.8	69.4
MT	:	:	:	:	72.8	68.0	:	:	80.3	76.2	81.2	76.6	81.3	76.3	80.8	76.4	81.2	77.4	81.4	77.2	81.9	77.0	82.2	77.5
NL	:	:	:	:	:	:	80.2	73.8	80.7	75.6	80.8	75.8	80.7	76.0	81.0	76.3	81.5	76.9	81.7	77.2	82.0	77.7	82.5	78.1
AT	:	:	73.5	66.5	76.1	69.0	79.0	72.3	81.2	75.2	81.7	75.7	81.7	75.8	81.5	75.9	821	76.4	82.3	76.7	82.8	77.2	83.1	77.4
PL	:	:	:	:	:	:	75.3	66.3	78.0	69.6	78.4	70.0	78.8	70.3	78.8	70.5	79.2	70.6	79.3	70.8	79.7	70.9	79.8	71.0
PT	66.7	61.1	69.7	63.6	74.9	67.9	77.5	70.6	80.2	73.2	80.5	73.5	80.6	73.8	80.6	74.2	81.5	75.0	81.3	74.9	82.3	75.5	82.2	75.9
RO	:	:	70.4	65.9	71.9	66.6	73.1	66.7	74.8	67.7	74.9	67.5	74.7	67.4	75.0	67.7	75.5	68.2	75.7	68.7	76.2	69.2	76.9	69.7
SI	:	:	:	:	:	:	77.8	69.8	79.9	72.2	80.4	72.3	80.5	72.6	80.3	72.5	80.8	73.5	80.9	73.9	82.0	74.5	82.0	74.7
SK	72.7	67.9	73.1	66.8	74.4	66.7	75.7	66.7	77.5	69.2	77.7	69.5	77.7	69.8	77.7	69.8	78.0	70.3	78.1	70.2	78.4	70.4	78.4	70.6
FI	:	:	:	:	78.0	69.2	79.0	71.0	81.2	74.2	81.7	74.6	81.6	74.9	81.9	75.1	825	75.4	82.5	75.6	83.1	75.9	83.1	76.0
SE	:	:	77.3	72.3	79.0	728	80.5	74.8	82.0	77.4	822	77.6	82.1	77.7	825	78.0	828	78.4	82.9	78.5	83.1	78.8	83.1	79.0
UK	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	80.3	75.5	80.5	75.8	80.6	76.0	80.5	76.2	81.0	76.8	81.2	77.1	81.7	77.3	81.8	77.6

HR	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	78.3	71.2	78.1	71.1	78.8	71.9	78.8	71.8	79.3	72.5	79.3	723
MK	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	75.2	70.8	76.1	70.9	75.6	70.6	75.7	70.9	75.8	71.5	75.9	71.6	76.2	71.7	75.9	71.8
TR	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:

IS	:	:	77.3	70.7	80.4	73.5	80.7	75.5	81.6	77.8	83.2	78.3	82.5	78.6	825	79.5	83.2	78.9	83.5	79.6	82.9	79.5	83.4	79.6
LI	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	:	79.9	73.9	824	76.3	82.3	77.1	81.6	78.4	85.1	78.6	84.1	77.4	83.1	78.9	83.6	79.1
NO	76.0	71.6	77.5	71.2	79.3	724	79.9	73.4	81.5	76.0	81.6	76.2	81.6	76.4	821	77.1	82.5	77.6	82.7	77.8	82.9	78.2	82.9	78.3
CH	74.1	68.7	76.2	70.0	79.0	723	80.9	74.0	82.8	77.0	83.2	77.5	83.2	77.9	83.2	78.0	83.8	78.6	84.0	78.7	84.2	79.2	84.4	79.5

Note: Data for France refer to metropolitan France until 1997 and to France including overseas departments starting from 1998.

:

Data not available

Source: Eurostat - Demographic statistics

327

He a lthy Life Years at birth

(The mean number of years that a new born child is expected to live in healthy condition if subjected throughout her/his life to the current morbidity and mortality conditions (age specific probabilities of dying)

Females

Males

1996

1997

1998 I

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003 I

2004 I

2005 1

2006 I

2007

1996 I

1997 I

1998 I

1999

2000 I

2001

2002

2003 |

2004 I

2005 I

2006

EU-27

62.3e

EA-16

:::::::::::::::::::::::

68.5 e

68.3

65.4 e

68.4

69.1

68.8

69.0 e

69.2 e

58.1b

61.9

62.8

63.7

64.1

66.5

63.3

66.0

65.7

66.6

66.9 e

67.4 e

58.4b

61.7

62.8

:::::::::::::::::::::::

63.3 p

59.9b

59.8

63.

2

62.8 p

57 .9b

57 8

61 1

60.7 e

61.3 e

60.8

61.9

60.4

61.0 e

60.9 e

68.8b

68 2

67.1

67 4

61.7

61.6

62.4

62.5

62.9

62.2

62.8 e

63.0 e

68.3b

68 4

67.7

64.5

64.3 e

64.6 e

64.5 e

64.7 e

55.

1b

58.0

58 4

60.8

61.9 e

62.1 e

62.3 e

63.2 e

64.1 e

64.4 e

65.0 e

55.0b

58 5

53.3

52 2

53.

7

54 .6

49.8

48 0

49.4

67.6

66.9

66.5

65.9 e

65.4 e

64 3b

64 1

65.0

65.3

64.0

63.2

64.0

63.9

63.3

63.5 e

63.4 e

62 5b

62 .9

63.

2

69.6

68 7

683

69.

4

68 2

68.8

68.5 e

68.4 e

65.

2b

67 2

67.9

67 1

66.9

66.4

66.5

66.

7

66.3

66.

7

66.7 e

63.

7b

65.

7

66.

3

68 4

68 2

68 2

69.5

69.3

69.2 e

69.9 e

70.2 e

62 5b

63.

1

63.3

62 .9

65.1

65.5

65.

2

65.6

66.5

66.0

66.6 e

66.8 e

62 5b

63.

2

63.7

62.5

63.

1

62 8

63.3

63.2 e

63.3

63.7 e

63.9 e

64 1b

64 3

64 1

64 2

59.6

60 2

59.

2

60 1

60 1

60 .5

60.4 e

60.6 e

61 2b

62 0

62 7

70.5 e

71.3

72.1

72.9

73.0 e

73.9 e

74.4 e

70.7b

66.5

64.1

62 .0e

67.4

68.0

67.9

68.7

69.7

69.8

70.4 e

70.9 e

68.4b

65.7

64 7

69.6

57.9

63.

2

62 7

68.4

59.5b

64 3

53.

1

52 1

53.

7

50.6

50.5

54 3

56.

1

57 7

51.2

52 4

60.2

62 1

61 8

64 .6

59.1

62 2

61.0

57.8 p

53.9b

57 0

57.6

53.5 p

52 .0b

54 2

65.7 p

70 1b

69.

2

70.8

65.1 p

68 5b

68 1

61.5

61.4

61.1 e

61.4

60.2

59.4

59.3 e

58.8 e

63.1b

63.

2

63.7

62.1

62.5

61.9

61.6

61.4

61.9

61.7 e

65.0b

65.5

68.0

68.5

69.0 e

69.6 e

60.2b

59.6

60.8

61 1

62 3

62.2

63.4

63.6

64.6

64.2

65.6 e

66.2 e

58.1b

57 8

58 4

66.8

68.9

66.6b

62 .5

613

59.9

62.5

61.0b

58 2

60.5

60.4

61.1

60.7

62.2

62.7

61.8 e

52.0b

56.7

57.6

57.3

58.2

59.3

59.1

58.8

60.2

59.5

59.7 e

59.8 e

55.1b

58.4

59.6

62.4

59.9

61.0

62 3

56.3

57 .6

56.

4

54 4

55.9

54 .9

54 3

57.7

57.6

58.3

57.4

56.8 e

56.9

56.8 e

56.5 e

52.9b

52.4

52 7

58.0

54.6

55.9

55.

8

56.3

56.

7

57.0 e

57.3 e

53.

1b

51.7

52 .9

60.0

61.3 e

61.8

61.9

61.0

61.9 e

62.2 e

60.9b

63.

1

67.0

66.6

62.1

61.7

62.0

63.1

61.9

62.4 e

62.5 e

62.0b

64 2

67.1

61.8 e

61.2 e

62.2 e

61.3 e

61.2 e

60.8 e

60.9 e

65.0b

65.1

66.2e

60.8

60.9 e

60.8 e

61.2 e

61.3 e

61.1 e

61.4 e

61.5 e

63.2b

65.0

:::::::::::::::::::::::

65.3

71.7

68.3

63.4

66.0

65.7

Sources: Eurostat - Health statistics.

328

Healthy life years at 65, in percentage of the total life expectancy at 65, 2007

	EU-27 \|	EA-16 \|	BE	BG \|	CZ \|	DK \|	DE	EE \|	IE	EL	ES	FR	IT	I CY I	LV \|	LT \|	LU	HU	MT
Males	:	:	58.3	:	53.0	79.4	44.2	26.7	56.3	56.2	57.8	51.0	:	51.3	39.8	40.4	55.0	38.8	62.4
Females	:	:	49.1	:	44.8	74.5	36.7	22.2	51.7	48.5	45.6	43.2	:	37.2	25.0	30.2	52.7	32.6	557

	NL	AT	PL	PT	RO I	SI	SK I	FI I	SE	UK		HR	MK	I TR I		IS	LI	NO	CH
Males	65.5	41.6	44.6	40.6	54.5	56.8	30.2	45.8	71.4	:		:	:	:		85.4	:	69.9	:
Females	58 4	36.7		26.	45.7	49.0	23.4	41.4	66.4	:		:	:	:		78.5	:		:

Source: Eurostat - Health and safety statistics. Percentage of the population aged 16 and over who feel that their health is bad or very bad, by sex, 2007

	EU-27 I	EA-16 I	BE	BG I	CZ I	DK I	DE	EE I	IE	EL	ES	FR	IT	CY I	LV I	LT I	LU	HU	MT
Males	8.9	:	6.8	:	11.0	5.9	8.5	12.4	2.3	7.7	9.4	7.9	8.9	8.7	14.8	13.1	6.1	18.9	4.5
Females	11.9	:	9.8	:	13.7	9.7	10.1	16.6	2.8	9.8	13.7	10.6	13.0	10.8	21.6	19.4	7.9	24.6	4.6

	NL	AT	PL	PT	RO I	SI	SK I	FI I	SE	UK		HR	MK I	TR I		IS	LI	NO	CH
Males	3.9	7.4	14.6	15.4	8.0	12.6	14.6	7.2	4.6	5.8		:	:	:		3.4	:	7.4	:
Females	5.7	9.2	18.7	22.3	11.4	16.1	20.4	9.1	57	6.5		:	:	:		5.6	:	9.6	:

Source: Eurostat - Health and safety statistics (SILC data)

329

Persons discharged from hospitals per 100 000 by ICD diagnosis, 2007

	EU-27 \|	EA-16\|	BE	BG \|	CZ \|	DK \|	DE	EE \|	IE I EL I ES I		FR	IT	CY \|	LV \|	LT \|	LU	HU	MT \|	NL	AT	PL	PT	RO \|	SI	SK \|	FI \|	SE	UK	HR	MK \| TR \|	IS L	I NO
All diagnosis (except healthy new borns)	16504	16304	15840	20015	20799	16459	21481	18307	13743	: 10712	16146	14592	6536	19970	22100	16720	19838	7337	10634	27363	17760	9127	21274	16168	19290	19620	14910	12931	14151	9876	15018	: 17611
Infectious and parasitic diseases	389	351	425	730	486	417	544	693	408	188	291	249	179	585	799	315	302	51	137	681	427	224	1058	545	418	692	453	214	519	379	214	518
Cancer	1527	1533	1197	1410	1761	1472	2360	1658	856	918	1214	1312	412	1800	1716	1605	2661	206	1052	2891	1960	920	1508	1776	1753	1769	1376	1015	2023	850	1283	: 1768
Diseases of the blood	141	137	148	114	109	231	149	123	137	98	177	117	88	73	112	88	218	72	99	157	182	80	156	136	156	168	137	121	136	143	159	144
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases	416	418	570	709	472	443	616	345	266	186	428	341	162	378	406	423	709	126	196	796	466	227	704	405	415	386	296	186	382	229	203	298
Mental and behavioural disorders	621	671	424	641	664	215	1416	1191	130	262	375	400	55	1207	1125	1161	1154	100	122	1429	101	139	1174	576	739	1609	947	317	995	365	793	218
Diseases of the nervous system	517	537	486	741	595	420	854	523	327	183	547	413	74	726	1249	648	551	96	188	1184	578	219	554	394	618	818	409	286	349	202	454	816
Diseases of the eye and adnexa	327	332	142	512	565	100	373	112	151	128	475	291	236	248	594	598	764	96	60	1024	440	397	393	560	402	145	100	104	513	219	148	240
Diseases of the ear and mastoid process	119	121	111	204	158	83	178	163	62	64	102	110	34	113	176	133	134	46	63	288	133	74	159	97	185	94	84	61	85	78	123	85
Diseases of the circula-tory system	2375	2342	2102	3182	3225	2178	3322	3360	1197	: 1321	1952	2428	721	3539	4485	2249	3597	578	1544	3755	2905	1206	2824	1948	3076	3033	2371	1408	1946	1670	1548	: 2495
Diseases of the respira-tory system	1321	1163	1314	2951	1368	1445	1323	2014	1338	: 1091	966	1174	656	2222	2371	1330	1584	595	762	1689	1420	956	2857	1328	1677	1412	964	1199	1108	1495	900	: 1505
Diseases of the digestive system	1589	1617	1677	1864	1838	1380	2078	1640	1229	: 1286	1624	1409	690	1832	1803	1500	1469	663	940	2502	1653	1062	2154	1403	1940	1415	1175	1192	1224	1105	1322	: 1236
Diseases of the skin and sub-cutane-ous tissue	235	205	151	420	288	225	303	329	237	117	192	159	71	375	395	157	312	123	101	397	305	157	377	264	310	189	108	251	191	159	272	182

Diseases of the musculo-skeletal system and connective tissue

1396 967 1751 911 2357 1229 543

720 1152 954 155 1248 1042 1910 1667 288 822 3222 747 369 1213 947 1049 1612 854 759

585 400

Congenital

malformations,

deformations and

chromosomal

abnormalities

96 70 130 130 126 173 113

97 110 145 26 128 146 65 99 31 79 182 159 88 177 181 142 127 103 114

1017 : 1169

Diseases of the genitourinary system	1031	926	959	1552	1619	879	1084	1121	732	655	932	934	441	1371	1347	1156	1241	441	584	1587	1685	687	1473	1043	1169	975	717	809	1143	823	1016	980
Pregna-ncy, childbirth and the puerper-ium	1378	1307	1388	1867	1520	1239	1071	1815	2669	: 1414	1566	1298	405	1619	1625	1389	1536	1009	910	1303	1575	1089	1783	1285	1597	1317	1306	1349	265	495	1971	: 1522
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period	238	215	50	205	247	161	195	255	209	163	304	202	201	138	349	165	212	50	411	139	231	23	587	274	337	156	153	257	229	44	369	256

Symptoms, signs and

abnormal clinical and

laboratory findings,

not elsewhere

classified

751 55 1032 1153 762 168 1372 636 1063 698 700 31 265 475 301 1578 1100 1115 674 140 385 810 608 1320 1346 1701

643 195 644 : 1252

Injury, poisoning and

certain other

consequences of

external causes

1620 1245 1731 1546 2128 1194 1360 904 1397 1287 843 2243 1857 1241 1326 735 903 2905 1630 685 1272 1517 1615 1932 1421 1250

1073 625 1051 : 1889

Factors influencing

health status and

contact w ith health

services

960 2037 2030 2739 806 202 406 282 2290 1389 284 96 238 113 701 104 858 117 1153 1234 706 1349 1737 457 589 943

623 307 2386 936

Notes: B E, BG, CZ, DE, EE, ES, CY, LU, PL, SK, FI, SE, HR, MK, IS, NO: 2006; DK, IT, LV , PT, CH, UK: 2005; EU27 and EA16 w ithout EL Source: Eurostat - Health and safety statistics.

330

1237 1385

123 119

28 96

182

882 816

1476 1508

1128 1151

Standardised death rates (SDR) per 100 000 population by sex, 2007

	Males				Females
	Diseases of the circulatory system	Cancer	Diseases of the respiratory system	External causes of injury and poisoning	Diseases of the circulatory system	Cancer	Diseases of the respiratory system	External causes of injury and poisoning
EU-27	286	229	64	58	188	131	32	20
ea-16		220	58	50	154	122	27

BE	235	258	99	72	131	169	45	30
	226	796	62	70	127	526	27
	274	453	59	79	155	307	29
	246	244		54	182	155	55
DE	206	277	55		130	192	28
	299	657	54	196	134	343
IE			104	43	159	168	76
EL		296	63	50		250	48
ES	227	193	83	43	102	127	35
FR	238	169		65		98	20
IT	224	225	46	43	123
	147		54	56	102	178
LV			59	197	140	423
	306	745	92	255	133	420
LU		284	59	64	125	193
HU	337	585	73	99	176	354	32	31
	195	273	79	48	130	196	35
NL	232		78	34		134		17
AT	202	268	47		127	183	22	21
PL		472	68	99	154	285	25
PT		222	96	56	103	163	46	17
		683	76	86	130	493	34
SI	289	322	57		146		24
	292		84	89	145	398	35
	178		43	105		168
SE	172	252	38	56	134	159	27
UK		236	88	39	154	149	64

HR	504	303	64	80	348	146	25	29
	677		48		540	127	29	17
	::::::::

IS	219	193	55	43	141	134	41	24
LI	::::::::
NO	237	204	68	57	141	142	41	26
		192	47		137		24

Notes: DK, IE, IT, LU, PT: 2006; BE: 2004. Source: Eurostat - Health and safety statistics.

331

17.

Accidents and Work-related Health Problems

In 2006, around 3 % of workers in the EU-15 were victims of working accidents resulting in more than three days' absence. The number of accidents at work causing more than three days' absence decreased in 2006 by 24 % compared to 1998 (the value of the index 1998 = 100 was 76 in 2006) in the EU-27 and by 26 % in the EU-15. In 2006, 5 785 lives were lost as a result of accidents at work in the EU-27

Road transport fatalities decreased by 30 % from 1998 to 2007 in the EU-27, but there were still more than 50 000 deaths on EU-27 roads recorded in 2007. During the ten-year period 1998-2007 over 520 000 people lost their lives in road accidents in the EU-27.

Working accidents more frequent among younger and low seniority workers

Serious and fatal accidents at work, 2006 (Index of the number of serious accidents at w ork per 100 thousand persons in employment (1998=100))

	Serious accidents at work			Fatal accidents at work
	Total	Females	Males	Fatal accidents at work
EU27	76	82	77	81
EA-16	: : : :

BE	60	61	63	81
BG	58	50	62	106
CZ	78	91	74	67
DK	84	99	80	87 p
DE	66	68	67	95
EE	120	129	127	57
IE	107	89	109	83
EL	55	55	57	103
ES	85	84	90	64
FR	82	103	79	50 p
IT	69	74	69	58
CY	86	116	80	107 i
LV	91	:	:	79
LT	101	119	95	117
LU	78	70	81	37 i
HU	74	86	70	68
MT	85	71	91	58 i
NL	79
AT	72	72	73	82
PL	88	98	84	82
PT	76	81	76	68
RO	94	97	96	92
SI	70	60	76	149
SK	64	80	60	76
FI	88	96	87	63
SE	82	83	82	1 15
UK	75	71	76	81

HR	: : : :
MK	: : : :
TR	: : : :

IS	: : : :
LI	: : : :
NO	63	75	60	65
CH	: : : :

Source: Eurostat - European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) Note: In CY , LU and MT the values are based on small annual numbers.

In 2006, around 4 million accidents at work —resulting in more than three days’ absence — were recorded in the 15 old Member States of the EU. This represents estimated rates of 3 100 accidents at work per 100 000 employed people, or put another way, 5.1 % of all workers suffered an accident at work during the year (3 % for accidents with an absence of more than three days). There was a substantial drop in this rate (accidents resulting in more than three days’ absence) of 24 % between 1998 and 2006 (index = 76 in 2006 and 100 in 1998). In addition, 5 785 fatal accidents in the course of work were recorded in 2006 in the EU-27. The incidence rate is 3.5

332

fatalities per 100 000 employed people against 6.1 in 1994. The new Member States and Candidate Countries are gradually implementing the European Statistics of Accidents at Work (ESAW) data collection methodology. In the EU-27, between 2000 and 2006, the incidence rate of fatal accidents at work has fell by 19 % and the incidence rate of non-fatal accidents at work by 24 %.

These proportions differ, of course, according to the economic activity and size of the enterprise, as well as the age, sex and working conditions of the workers. The construction industry has the highest incidence of accidents resulting in more than three days’ absence, though decreasing since 1994: 5 974 per 100 000 workers in 2006 against 9 000 in 1994. Agriculture has the second highest incidence: 3 879 in 2006 (6 500 in 1994). For fatal accidents, construction and agriculture have the highest incidence, around 10 and 9 per 100 000 workers respectively in 2006. In addition it must be borne in mind that systematic and annual data are not available for some economic activities, like fishing, which according to ad hoc surveys are at a high-risk in terms of accidents. Taking all economic activities together, the risk of accidents was in 2006 the highest in local units employing between 50 and 249 people and those employing 10 to 49 people. For non-fatal accidents at work the incidence rates are highest among young workers. Among those aged 18-24 years the incidence rate is 30-60 % higher than in the other age categories. In contrast, the incidence of fatal accidents tends to increase considerably with age. Men are 2.5 times more likely than women to have an accident — resulting in more than three days’ absence — and about 18 times more likely to have a fatal accident. This result is a function of men’s jobs and sectors of activity which tend to be more high-risk than those of women. There are also relatively more women who work part-time, which reduces their exposure to risk.

Accidents at work and work-related health problems: a high socio-economic cost

In addition to the major impact of these accidents in human terms, they have a high socio-economic cost. In 2006 approximately 29 % of all accidents resulted in absence of between three days and two weeks and about 29 % of absences lasted between two weeks and three months. In around 5 % of all accidents the consequence was an absence of three months or more, or permanent partial or total disability. In 2006 there were around 108 000 accidents in the EU-15 leading to permanent incapacity.

According to the results of the Labour Force Survey ad hoc module on accidents at work and work-related health problems in 2007, 3.2% of workers in the EU-27 had an accident at work during a one-year period, which corresponds to almost 7 million persons, and 8.6 % of workers in the EU-27 experienced a work-related health problem in the past 12 months, which corresponds to 20 million persons. Due to an accident at work, 0.7 % of all workers in the EU-27 took sick leave for at least one month. Around 2 % of all workers in the EU-27 were off work for at least one month in the past 12 months due to their most serious work-related health problem.

The most often reported work-related health problems were bone, joint or muscle problems which mainly affecting the back (31 %), neck, shoulders, arms or hands (16 %), hips, legs or feet (13 %), and stress, depression or anxiety (16 %).

333

EU-27 roads claimed around 42 000 lives in 2007

Number of persons killed in road accidents

	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	In last ten years availabl e, 1998-2007
EU-27	60308	59056	57746	55860	53960	53126	49765	46842	44872	42492	524027
EA-16	31475	37990	37072	34032	29466	27890	23847	28637	26844	25825	303078

BE	1500	1397	147	1486	1306	1214	1162	1089	1069	1067	11437
BG	1003	1047	1012	1011	959	960	943	957	1043	1006	9941
CZ	136	1455	1486	1334	1431	1447	1382	1286	1063	1221	12241
DK	499	514	498	431	463	432	369	331	306	406	4249
DE	7792	7772	7503	6977	6842	6613	5842	5361	5091	4949	64742
EE	284	232	204	199	223	164	170	170	204	196	2046
IE	458	414	418	412	376	337	377	400	365	338	3895
EL	2182	2116	2037	188	1634	1605	167	1658	1657	1612	14856
ES	5956	5738	5777	5517	5347	54	4749	4442	4104	3823	45507
FR	892	8486	8079	8162	7655	6058	553	5318	4709	4620	54532
IT	6313	6688	7061	7096	698	6563	6122	5818	5669	5131	57159
CY	111	113	111	98	94	97	117	102	86	89	1018
LV	677	652	635	558	559	532	516	442	407	419	5397
LT	829	748	641	706	697	709	752	773	760	739	7354
LU	57	58	76	70	62	53	50	47	43	51	567
HU	1371	1306	12	1239	1429	1326	1296	1278	1303	1232	11792
MT	17	4	15	16	16	16	13	17	11	12	137
NL	1066	109	1082	993	987	1028	804	750	730	709	8258
AT	963	1079	976	958	956	931	878	768	730	691	8930
PL	708	673	6294	5534	5827	564	5712	5444	5243	5583	41582
PT	2126	2028	1877	167	1655	1542	1294	1247	969	974	13879
RO	2778	2505	2499	2461	2398	2235	2418	2641	2478	2794	25207
SI	309	334	313	278	269	242	274	258	262	293	2832
SK	819	647	628	614	610	645	603	560	579	627	6332
FI	400	431	396	433	415	379	375	379	336	380	3924
SE	531	580	591	583	560	529	480	440	445	471	5210
UK	3581	3564	358	3598	3581	3658	3368	3336	3298	3059	31401

HR	646	642	655	647	627	701	608	597	614	619	6356
MK	187	216	162	107	176	118	155	143	140	173	1577
TR	4935	5713	5510	4386	4093	3946	4427	4505	4633	5004	47152

IS	27	21	32	24	25	23	23	19	31	15	240
LI	-	-	3	2	-	5	1	2	-	-	13
NO	352	304	341	275	312	282	259	224	242	233	2824
CH	597	583	592	544	513	546	510	409	370	384	5048

Source: CA RE / Energy and Transport DG, International Transport Forum, national statistics

Notes: Persons killed are all persons deceased w ithin 30 days of the accident. Corrective factors are applied to the figures from MS not currently using this definition.

For the EU-27 as a whole, the number of road accident fatalities decreased by 30 % from 1998 to 2007, when around 42 000 deaths were caused by road accidents. During the ten-year period 1998-2007 over 520 000 people lost their lives in road accidents in the EU-27.

334

Number of transport accident deaths per 100,000 inhabitants (SDRs) by sex, 2007

~~Females~~

~~Males~~

~~Total~~

Notes: 1) DK, IE, IT, LU, PT: 2006; BE: 2004 data. 2) TR: No data.

3)

SDR = Standardised death rate - As most causes of death vary significantly with people's age and sex, the use of SDRs improves comparability over time and between countries, as they aim at measuring death rates independently of different age structures of populations. The SDRs used here are calculated by using the World Health Organisation’s standard European population. Source: Eurostat - Mortality Statistics.

In all Member States and Candidate Countries (no data available for Turkey) many more men than women died in transport accidents (road and other transport accidents) in 2007. The lowest standardised death rates were observed in Malta (14 women per million women and 60 men per million men), the Netherlands (25 and 69), Sweden (25 and 75) and the United Kingdom (23 and 82), and the highest ones in Romania (74 and 245), Latvia (91 and 320) and Lithuania (105 and 402).

Policy context

The EC Treaty (Article 137) states that "the Community shall support and complement the activities of the Member States in … (the) improvement in particular of the working environment to protect workers’ health and safety." Article 140 adds that "the Commission shall encourage cooperation between the Member States and facilitate the coordination of their action in all social policy fields under this chapter, particularly in matters relating to … (the) prevention of occupational accidents and diseases".

In 2001 the Commission issued a Communication on “Employment and social policies: a framework for investing in quality” aiming to boost the Social Policy Agenda and the Lisbon Strategy reinforced by Nice and Stockholm, to promote quality in employment. Particular emphasis is placed on improving quality of work and ensuring that this approach is integrated into employment and social policies. For this purpose a set of indicators on quality in work has been established to be used within the framework of the European Employment Strategy.

The lists of indicators of both the Synthesis Report and the Employment Committee Report on Indicators of Quality in Work include the evolution (index 1998=100) of the incidence rate of accidents at work, as defined by the number of accidents per 100 000 people in employment.

In 2007 the Commission adopted a Communication (COM (2007) 62 final) on “Improving quality and production at work: Community strategy 2007-2012 on health and safety at work”. In July 2007 the Council adopted a Resolution on “a new Community strategy on health and safety at work (2007–2012)”. The European Parliament adopted its Resolution on the strategy on 15 January 2008. Among other things, the Community strategy 2007-2012 identifies research priorities including psychosocial issues, musculoskeletal disorders, dangerous substances, knowledge of reproductive risks, occupational health and safety management, risks associated with several cross-factors (e.g. work organisation and workplace design issues, ergonomics, combined exposure to physical and chemical agents) and potential risks associated with nanotechnologies. Following two-stage consultation of the European social partners, work on a possible legislative initiative addressing the risks arising from poor ergonomics started in 2008. As regards the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at the workplace, an issue also highlighted in the strategy, in 2008 the first stage of consultation of the European social partners on took place. Consultation of the social partners on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to electromagnetic fields at work was launched in 2009.

Employers and trade unions in the healthcare sector signed an EU-wide agreement on 17 July 2009, to prevent injuries from needle sticks and other sharp objects. The agreement specifically addresses one of the priority objectives of the EU's current strategy for health and safety at work (2007-2012).

The Council Resolution states as one of the main objectives: “to achieve an ongoing, sustainable and consistent reduction in accidents at work and occupational illnesses" and it supports the Commission in seeking to reduce

335

the incidence rate of accidents at work by 25 % at Community level. National strategies should seek to establish measurable targets for reducing occupational accidents and illnesses for relevant categories of workers, types of companies and/or sectors. The Parliament Resolution endorses these aims. The Working Party of the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work “Community Strategy Implementation and Advisory Committee Action Programme" encourages an exchange of views on national OSH strategies. While respecting subsidiarity, achievement of the targets set out in the Commission Communication will greatly depend on improving OSH performance in individual Member States. To this end, it was considered appropriate that this Working Party collects and disseminates information on the development of national OSH strategies and programmes.

In its 2001 Transport White Paper, the Commission proposed the ambitious goal to save yearly 25 000 lives on European roads by the target date of 2010. This target has meanwhile been endorsed by the European Parliament and all Member States. In 2003, the European Road Safety Action Programme was tabled, containing many concrete measures proposed to achieve this goal. And in February 2006, the Commission issued a midterm review on our common endeavours to halve road fatalities. Summing up, Europe has achieved a lot in the last five years, but we need to do more together to reach our objective.

The "CARS21" Report of December 2005 and the mid-term review of the Transport White paper of June 2006 provide some guidance on the strategic direction of the European Union concerning road safety.

In Europe, the agreed approach to more road safety is the principle of "shared responsibility". Beyond all institutional rhetoric, everyone has a role to play to make Europe’s roads safer. In this respect, the European Road Safety Charter is central, inviting all members of society, be they for instance a local school, a rural association or a large multinational company, to make their own measurable contribution to improving road safety.

Finally, road safety initiatives are — or should be — underpinned by solid statistical data on accident causes and other relevant issues. The collection and analysis of data, today in the European CARE accident data base, tomorrow in the European Road Safety Observatory is crucial to divissing effective and proportionate measures to improve road safety. To achieve its objectives, the Commission proposes legislation and political action, but makes also some funding available through the European Research Framework Programmes and its Road Safety Subvention Programme.

Methodological notes

Sources: Eurostat — European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW), ad hoc module on accidents at work and work-related health problems in the 2007 Labour Force Survey and Transport Statistics. European Commission Transport DG — Community Road Accident database (CARE).

For road accidents, people killed are all those killed within 30 days of the accident. For Member States not using this definition, corrective factors are applied.

The data on work accidents relate to almost 90 % of people in employment in the EU-15. The new Member States are in the process of implementing the full ESAW methodology. Only those working accidents that lead to more than three days’ absence are included in the annual ESAW data but accidents with no absence from work or resulting in an absence of between one and three days were also covered in the ad hoc module on accidents at work and work-related health problems in the 2007 Labour Force Survey. The ESAW incidence rates have been calculated for only nine major branches of economic activity (NACE Rev. 1 sections).

Further reading

•

http://ec.europa.eu/transport/roadsafety/index_en.htm

Statistics in focus – "8.6% of workers in the EU experienced work-related health problems. Results from the Labour Force Survey 2007 ad hoc module on accidents at work and work-related health problems", N° 63/2009

Report "Causes and circumstances of accidents at work in the EU", DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, 26/05/2009, KE-78-09-668-EN-C

Work and Health in the EU – A statistical portrait. Panorama series — 2003 edition — Eurostat

Statistics in Focus (Transport): "EU road safety 2004: Regional differences", No 14/2007; Eurostat

“European Statistics on Accidents at Work — Methodology", 2001 Edition. Eurostat and DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, “Health and safety at work” series

“Panorama of transport” (2007 edition), 2007. Eurostat

“Guidance on work-related stress — Spice of life or kiss of death?", European Commission, 16 December 2002

Quality of Work, Policy Review Series n°8, 2007

336

•

Communication from the Commission (COM (2007) 62 final) "Improving quality and productivity at work: Community strategy 2007-2012 on health and safety at work"
•

Council Resolution of 25 June 2007 on a new Community strategy on health and safety at work (2007-2012) [O.J. C145 of 30.06.2007, page 1]

337

Serious accidents at work

(Index of the number of serious accidents at work per 100 thousand persons in employment (1998=100))

	Total							Females								Males
	1997\|1998\|	1999\|2000\|2001\|		2002\|2003\|2004\|2005\|2006				1997\|1998\|1999\|2000\|2001\|			200212003120041200512006					1997\|1998\|1999\|2000\|2001\|		2002\|2003\|2004\|2005\|2006
EU-27	: :	:	100 96	88 84	80	78	76	: : :	100	98	94	90	86	85	82	: : :	100 96	90 86	82	81	77
EA-16	::::::::::							::::::::::								::::::::::

BE	96 100	96	82b 83	72 68	65	62	60	95 100 96	101	88	80	76	71	65	61	96 100 96	80 b 84	73 67	65	63	63
BG	106 100	84 100 b 90		84 65	58	58	58	: : :	100	84	85	67	61	62	50	: : :100 b 93		84 69	60	56	62
CZ	91 100	93	91 91	89 80	81	80	7	: 100 97	95	97	97	90	94	95	91	: 100 92	90 89	85 77	77	74	74
DK	100 100	95	89 90	2 76	79	83	4	104 100 103	99	95	92	86	90	96	99	99 100 93	91	1 75	77	80	80
DE	101 100	99	96	82 74	73	65	66	99 100 99	99	94	7	77	77	68	68	102 100 99	96 89	75	74	65	67
EE	83 100	106	105 132	125 128	124	126	120	: 100 138	130	181	130	137	126	142	129	: 100 140	114 120	123 135	132	131	127
IE	115 100	:	: :100 b 105		94	101	107	120 100	:	: 100 b		103	7	104	89	113 100	: :100 b 105		95	98	109
EL	113 100	93	88 86	83 71	66	55	55	106 100 88	76	77	76	67	65	49	55	116 100 96	92 89	86 73	67	57	57
ES	95 100	107	108 106	103 100	92	7	85	91 100 109	113	110	105	106	98	88	84	96 100 108	109 108	106 102	95	91	90
FR	101 100	101	102 98	99 95	90	90	2	103 100 106	111	110	117	112	107	111	103	101 100 101	101 94	95 92	7	7	79
IT	100 100	99	99 92	80	75	71	69	97 100 102	104	88	86	84	77	76	74	100 100 99	98 96	8 5 2	7	71	69
CY	: :	100	112 112	92 103	103	97	86	: 100	11	123	92	98	100	111	116	: 100	112 110	92 105	104	91	80
LV	: 100	75	66 116	108 4	79	92	91	::::::::::								::::::::::
LT	90 100	97	94 85	86 82	2	104	101	: 100 85	95	7	84	84	81	101	119	: 100 93	84 87	85 81	80	103	95
LU	98 100	105	104 97	109 107	94	72	7	96 100 99	100	101	116	11	96	65	70	98 100 107	105 98	111 107	97	75	1
HU	103 100	93	94	4	79	79	74	: 100 92	94	90	91	93	93	93	86	: 100 93	94 5	1 80	75	73	70
MT	112 e 100	113	77 94	91 90	83	77	85	: 100 108	77	86	76	7	77	72	71	: 100 114	78 97	96 95	86	80	91
NL	107 100 108 b		105 92100 b 82		73 100 b		:	: : :	:	: 100 b		85	95 100 b		:	: : :	: :100 b 82		72100 b		:
AT	105 100	99	92	4 79	79	77	72	106 100 99	93	73	75	71	72	77	72	106 100 100	92 86	82	86	7	73
PL	113 100	7	8 5 7	82	84	80	88	: 100 85	85	80	81	90	92	90	98	: 100 87	86 7	8 5 80	2	7	84
PT	100 100	92	91	74 72	75	74	76	104 100 75	7	94	83	77	4	77	1	98 100 96	89 95	74 74	75	74
RO	106 100	100	106 113	104 111	103	96	94	: 100 94	101	112	96	117	97	88	97	: 100 102	109 117	108 111	107	97	96
SI	106 100	102	98 94	94 98	98	84	70	: 100 101	98	95	100	109	109	95	60	: 100 99	97 92	92 93	93	80	76
SK	107 100	92	88 84	77 68	54	52	64	: 100 96	88	83	4	76	62	63	80	: 100 91	87 84	75 66	62	4	60
FI	98 100	91	89 87 b	8 5 8 3	83	88	88	98 100 90	89	87 b	85	86	90	93	96	99 100 93	89 87 b	86 84	83	89	7
SE	81 100	107	111 113	101 94	86	85	2	76 100 103	106	106	96	95	85	88	83	83 100 108	113 116	104 95	88	84	2
UK	102 100	106	106 110	108 107	88	4	75	99 100 109	110	111	110	109	81	79	71	102 100 106	105 108	106 104	89	86	76

HR	:::::::::							:::::::::								:::::::::
MK	:::::::::							:::::::::								:::::::::
TR	107 100	84	85 90	84 83	2	65	:	::::::::::								::::::::::

IS
LI
NO	81 100	91	94 82	74 68	59	64	63	78 100 98	107	89	2	7	66	75	75	81 100 89	91 79	72 66	57	61	60
CH

Source: Eurostat - European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW)

338

Fatal accidents at work

(Index of the number of fatal accidents at w ork per 100 thousand persons in employment (1998=100))

	1997 \|	1998 \|	1999 \|	2000 \|	2001 \|	2002 \|	2003 \|	2004 \|	2005 \|	2006
EU-27	:	:	:	100	97	91	90	88	86	81
EA-16	:

BE	100	100	1 06	100	124	82	78	93	84	81
BG	1 16	100	96	100	104	85	8 3	84	85	106
CZ	1 16	100	76	96	96	87	84	78	71	67
DK	74	100	71	6 1	55	65	57	35	71	87 p
DE	123	100	109	95	89	112	105	100	82	95
EE	114	100	79	56	78	81	67	75	58	57
IE	120	100	:	:	:	100	121	84	117	8 3
EL	76	100	170	73	78	104	81	67	43	103
ES	115	100	91	85	81	79	67	59	64	64
FR	103	100	85	85	79	65	69	68	50	50 p
IT	84	100	68	66	62	42	57	50	52	58
CY	:	:	100	46 i	62 i	107 i	83 i	92 i	66 i	107 i
LV	:	100	115	90	140	123	66	98	74	79
LT	83	100	91	78	105	115	138	113	133	117
LU	184 i	100	40 i	149 i	37 i	52 i	70 i	20 i	57 i	37 i
HU	97	100	107	95	71	109	80	96	73	68
MT	42 i	100	74 i	38 i	46 i	30 i	91 i	90 i	44 i	58 i
NL	140	100	107	1 06	79	90	91	84	75	79
AT	104	100	100	100	94	100	94	107	94	82
PL	109	100	8 3	96	92	89	90	86	81	82
PT	108	100	79	104	117	98	87	82	84	68
RO	105	100	93	103	97	95	111	103	128	92
SI	130	100	113	102	122	141	1 36	77	84	149
SK	81	100	89	71	71	65	75	64	64	76
FI	117	100	75	8 8	98	82	81	102	8 3	63
SE	169	100	85	85	105	91	89	81	131	115
UK	100	100	8 8	106	92	85	70	90	8 8	81

HR	:::::::::
MK	:::::::::
TR	120	100	104	68	92	75	64	64	70	:

IS
LI
NO	:	100	56	8 8	74	72	75	49 b	59	65
CH

Notes: 1) CY , LU, MT: The values are based on small annual numbers of fatalities. Source: Eurostat - European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW)

339

Annex to Part 2

Symbols

Symbols used in the tables

The special values are codes which replace real data: : “not available”

. “not applicable”

Flags are codes added to data and defining a specific characteristic:

b “break in series (see explanatory texts)”

e “estimated value”

f “forecast”

i “more information is in the note at the end of the table or on the Eurostat web site

http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/”

p “provisional value”

r “revised value”

s “Eurostat estimate”

u “unreliable or uncertain data (see explanatory texts)”

Other symbols

% percent

Country codes and country groupings

	Country codes
AT	Austria
CY	Cyprus
DK	Denmark
ES	Spain
HR	Croatia
IT	Italy
LT	Lithuania
MT	Malta
PT	Portugal
SI	Slovenia
UK	United Kingdom

BE	Belgium
CZ	Czech Republic
EE	Estonia
FI	Finland
HU	Hungary
LU	Luxembourg

BG	Bulgaria
DE	Germany
EL	Greece
FR	France
IE	Ireland
LV	Latvia

MK¹² The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)

NL Netherlands PL Poland

RO Romania SE Sweden

SK Slovakia TR Turkey

Provisional code which does not prejudge in any way the definitive nomenclature for this country, which will be agreed following the conclusion of negotiations currently taking place at the United Nations.

340

Country groupings EU-27

EU-25

EU-15 EA-16

The 27 Member States of the European Union from 1.1.2007: BE, BG, CZ, DK, DE, EE, IE, EL, ES, FR, IT, CY, LV, LT, LU, HU, MT, NL, AT, PL, PT, RO, SI, SK, FI, SE and UK.

The 25 Member States of the European Union between 1.5.2004 and 31.12.2006: BE, CZ, DK, DE, EE, IE, EL, ES, FR, IT, CY, LV, LT, LU, HU, MT, NL, AT, PL, PT, SI, SK, FI, SE and UK.

The 15 Member States of the European Union between 1.1.1995 and 30.4.2004: BE, DK, DE, IE, EL, ES, FR, IT, LU, NL, AT, PT, FI, SE and UK.

The 16 countries of the euro area as of 1.1.2009: BE, CY, DE, DK, IE, EL, ES, FR, IE, IT,

LU, NL, AT, PT, SI and FI.

Also called as ‘euro zone’, ‘euroland’ and ‘euro group’.

The Candidate Countries are Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Turkey.

The southern Member States are Greece, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Malta and Portugal.

The Nordic Member States are Denmark, Finland and Sweden.

The Benelux countries are Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.

The Baltic States are Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Other abbreviations and acronyms

AES Adult Education Survey

COICOP Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose

CVT Continuing Vocational Training

CVTS2 Second Survey of Continuing Vocational Training

EC European Communities

ECB European Central Bank

ECHP European Community Household Panel

ECHP UDB European Community Household Panel – Users’ Database

ESAW European Statistics on Accidents at Work

ESSPROS European System of integrated Social Protection Statistics

EU European Union

Eurostat the Statistical Office of the European Communities

GCSE General Certificate of Secondary Education

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HBS Household Budget Survey

HICP Harmonised Index on Consumer Prices

ICD International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems

ILO International Labour Organisation

ISCED International Standard Classification of Education

LLL Lifelong Learning

LFS Labour Force Survey

LMP Labour Market Policy

NACE Rev. 1 Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community

n.e.c. not elsewhere classified

NUTS Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PPS Purchasing Power Standard

QLFD Quarterly Labour Force Data

SES Structure of Earnings Survey

SDR Standardised Death Rate

UOE UNESCO/OECD/Eurostat

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

341

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Social Situation Report 2009 - Hoofdinhoud

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	EU-27 \|	EA-16 \|	BE	BG \|	CZ \|	DK \|	DE	EE \|	IE	EL	ES	FR	IT	CY \|	LV \|	LT \|	LU	HU	MT
Males	61.6e	:	63.3	:	61.3	67.4	58.8	49.5	62.7	65.9	63.2	63.1	62.8e	63.0	50.9	53.4	62.2	55.0	69.0
Females	62.3e	:	63.7	:	63.2	67.4	58.4	54.6	65.3	67.1	62.9	64.2	62.0e	62.7	53.7	57.7	64.6	57.6	70. 8

	NL	AT	PL	PT	RO \|	SI	SK \|	FI \|	SE	UK		HR	MK \|	TR \|		IS	LI	NO	CH
Males	65.7	58.4	57.4	58.3	60.4	58.7	55.4	56.7	67.5	64.8e		:	:	:		72.8	:	66.4	:
Females	63.7	61.1	61.3	57.3	62.4	62.	55.9	58	66.6	662e		:	:	:		71.7	:		:

	Physicians (a)		Dentists	(b)	Nursing professionals (c)
	1997 \| 2007		1997 \|	2007	2000 \|	2007
EU-27	::::::
EA-16	::::::

BE	367	402	79	81	584	639
BG	346	365	63	85	437	467
CZ	311	356	63	67	806	845
DK	262	314	81	82	1257	1459
DE	313	346	72	76	958	1000
EE	325	323	72	85	623	666
IE	213	299	45	58	:	:
EL	398	499	108	121	:	:
ES	294	368	39	54	658	761
FR	325	336	67	67	689	799
IT	401	364	49	54	:	700
CY	250	272	85	92	:	:
LV	288	287	44	68	479	557
LT	377	371	59	69	805	735
LU	226	:	57	:	187	:
HU	308	281	37	40	579	596
MT	246	331	:	43	:	619
NL	293	384	45	50	1281	1501
AT	293	374	46	54	729	754
PL	236	218	46	33	553	565
PT	261	:	30	:	353	:
RO		222	:	54	530	640
SI	219	238	59	61	685	773
SK	240	316	10	50	751	633
FI	230	270	83	:	:	:
SE	292	357	83	83	:	:
UK		249	:	48	:	955

HR	228	266	63	74	:	:
MK	224	254	54	58	357	350
TR	20

IS	325	367	104	93	1388	1460
LI
NO	252	388	84	87	:	2495
CH	326	383	50	52	:	1486

	EU-27 \|	EA-16 \|	BE	BG \|	CZ \|	DK \|	DE	EE \|	IE	EL	ES	FR	IT	CY \|	LV \|	LT \|	LU	HU	MT
1996	714	740	798	1050	827	470	958	796	680	517	389	877	655	499	1038	1092	1080	903	577
2006	563	594	673	621	741	362	829	565	534	474	334	718	395	374	759	801	569	792	752

	NL	AT	PL	PT	RO \|	SI	SK \|	FI \|	SE	UK		HR	MK \|	TR \|		IS	LI	NO	CH
1996	522	931	766	399	757	567	831	803	560	:		607	523	249		:	:	401	:
2006	446	766	648	365	659	478	671	696	288	357		546	463	:		:	:	403	541